Discussion 16th and early 17th Centuries History Coursework Research

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What was the religious context of the late 16th and early 17th Centuries when Galileo lived? In particular, what had happened to the Catholic Church, and indeed the European Christian World, in the Sixteenth Century?
In the 16th and early 17th Centuries, the Catholic Church's dominance was threatened by Protestant Reformation, where the pope and Catholic leaders sought to ensure stricter adherence to religious dogma. The Church's view of the world was to be the accepted viewpoints, and Galileo's ideas made, such as the sun did not move around the earth, made him a heretic who was imprisoned (Ruiz). The Catholic Church used heresy, and the inquisition was used to punish those considered heretics in the European Christian World. Works that considered heresy were banned for going against the Church's teachings, teaching condemned ideas, and contradicted the Bible's literal interpretation.
-- What new scientific ideas and discoveries appeared in the Sixteenth Century? What effects were there particularly on astronomical ideas?
Copernicus proposed that the universe was centered on the sun, while in the Late Middle Ages, it was believed that the earth was the center of the universe. Galileo observations the heavens using a telescope and influenced others to make obsessions about nature. Johannes Kepler proposed planetary motion concepts that disproved the Ptolemaic system structure and stated planet...