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OHSA Hierarchy of Controls: Hazard Scenario Summarizing Approach to Reduce Risks

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There are 4 questions to answer. Each answer needs to be 200 words.
1. Employees in the paint department of an automotive parts production facility use styrene to clean residue off the parts as they come off the paint line. The OSHA PEL for styrene is 100 ppm as an 8-hour TWA exposure. Personal air samples show that during peak production times, exposures range from 150 ppm to 200 ppm for an 8-hour shift. The parts cleaning is performed in a small room with one door.
Using OSHA's Hierarchy of Controls, write one paragraph for the hazard scenario above that summarizes your approach to reducing the risks associated with the hazard. Indicate which type of hazard control you will use, and describe exactly how it will be used to control the hazard.
Your response must be at least 200 words in length.
2. A plant that manufactures automobile chassis includes a production area containing 100 robotic welding stations. An adjacent area contains 10 welding booths where employees perform hand welding using MIG welders to rework welds that have been identified as unacceptable. Personal air sampling shows that personal exposures at 5 of the welding booths located in the middle of the rework exceed the OSHA PEL for lead, nickel, and iron oxide fumes. On average, the personal exposures exceed the applicable OSHA PEL by 2-3 times.
Using OSHA's Hierarchy of Controls, write one paragraph for the hazard scenario above that summarizes your approach to reducing the risks associated with the hazard. Indicate which type of hazard control you will use, and describe exactly how it will be used to control the hazard.
Your response must be at least 200 words in length.
3. A press area of a plant has six 400-ton presses in operation 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Personal monitoring using noise dosimeters has shown that 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) exposures range from 92.0 dBA to 94.5 dBA.
Using OSHA's Hierarchy of Controls, write a hazard scenario using the information above that summarizes your approach to reducing the risks associated with the hazard. Indicate which type of hazard control you will use, and describe exactly how it will be used to control the hazard.
Your response must be at least 200 words in length.
4. A plant has an operation that produces automotive headliners in a press. The process uses a compound that contains methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI). The compound containing MDI must be used in the production process to meet the client's specifications for the headliner. The OSHA PEL for MDI is 0.02 ppm as a ceiling concentration. Personal air samples collected for 15 minutes at the time when the press opens show that short-term exposures range from 0.02 ppm to 0.06 ppm.
Using OSHA's Hierarchy of Controls, write one paragraph for the hazard scenario above that summarizes your approach to reducing the risks associated with the hazard. Indicate which type of hazard control you will use, and describe exactly how it will be used to control the hazard. Your response must be at least 200 words in length.

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OSHA's Hierarchy of Controls Questions
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OSHA's Hierarchy of Controls Questions
Question One
Substitution is the most suitable hazard control approach to reducing the risks associated with exposure to styrene. The automotive parts must be cleaned using some industrial cleaner, and as such, elimination is not an option. Substitution is the most effective type of hazard control because it will allow the workers to continue cleaning the parts using safer alternatives. The United States Department of Labor (DOL) (n.d.) reveals that substitution involves replacing the hazard with a safer option. In this case, styrene can be substituted with another industrial solvent, such as toluene. Toluene is an effective industrial solvent used as a cleaning agent in automotive companies. Compared to styrene, toluene is a safer alternative with a permissible workplace exposure limit of 200 ppm or an 8-hour work shift (New Jersey Department of Health, 2016). This limit is higher than that of styrene. The exposure range that workers face while using styrene is between 150 and 200 ppm for an 8-hour shift, higher than the permissible exposure limit. When styrene is substituted with toluene, the same exposure range of 150-200 ppm per shift will fall within the permissible exposure limit. Alternatively, the facility can replace styrene with industrial water-based cleaning agents to protect employees from the risks associated with styrene exposure. Water-based cleaning agents pose no risk to these employees.
Question Two
The best approach for this scenario is to combine engineering and administrative controls as well as personal protective equipment (PPE) to help reduce the risk associated with exposure to lead, iron oxide, and nickel fumes. Engineering controls protect the workers from getting into contact with the hazard, while administrative controls involve changing how people work to minimize the hazard (DOL, n.d.). The most effective engineering control for the plant will be ventilation. The workers are already isolated in welding booths, but the booths require a ventilation system that extracts and captures the fumes at the source before they get into the air the workers breath. This will require a modification of the welding booths to ensure that devices that capture the fumes before they are released into the air are installed. The most effective administrative control will be to train the workers to position their heads away from the fumes as much as possible during welding. This will reduce the intensity of the fumes they breathe in during the welding process. Finally, employees will need PPE if employing the two hazard controls above will not lower the OSHA PEL to the required standards. Specifically, the worke...
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