Mechanisms of the Hypersensitivity Reaction Underlying Urticaria

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Urticaria is an acute, localized type 1 hypersensitivity reaction associated with pruritus. The urticaria hypersensitivity reaction is usually accompanied by IgE antibodies specific to the eliciting antigen(Abbas, Moussa & Akel, 2020). Binding the IgE molecules to IgG auto-antibodies on mast cells causes basophils and mastocytes to release vasoactive substances such as histamine and leukotrienes. Mast cells are the primary effector cell in urticaria (Church, Kolkhir, Metz & Maurer, 2018). The auto-immune urticaria represents a majority of patients with chronic urticaria.
T cells can also induce activation of mast cells and the release of histamine. Under certain circumstances, mast cell activation can result from the binding circulating immune complexes to IgM and IgG receptors of mast cells. Nonimmunological urticarias result from mast cells' activation through membrane receptors such as opioids and complement involved in innate immunity. It can also occur as a ...