Microbiology: Codon During Protein Production

Assignment Title An Assignment Submitted by Name of Student Name of Establishment Class XXXX, Section XXXX, Fall 2011 Define/identify: codon, anti-codon, transcription, translation, helicase, restriction enzyme topoisomerase, PCR, RNA interference During protein production, a codon is the stop sign and it consists of three RNA/DNA nucleotides matching with particular amino acids (Shaik et al, 2016, 212). During protein production in ribosomes, an anticodon consists of three nucleotides bases in transfer RNA that recognize particular amino acids then binds with the matching codon found in messenger RNA. Transcription is the procedure where the data that a DNA strands contains replicates into a fresh molecule of mRNA. During protein production translation is the procedure where mRNA molecules covert into a chain of amino acids A helicase is an enzyme that brings together and even reshapes nucleic acids and their protein complexes (Furuichi, 2015, 50). A restriction enzyme is a bacteria-produced protein that defends it against bacteriophages through shredding of the phage’s DNA material during infection. Topoisomerase are a group of enzymes that regulate the coiling and uncoiling of DNA to extend or to shorten them during transcription and replication A PCR, also known as a Polymerase chain reaction is a method applied to multiply specific DNA/RNA segments for analysis RNA interference is a procedure where RNA molecules restrain gene conversion into amino acids through counterbalancing of pursued mRNA molecules Discuss three ways that bacteria can transfer DNA between cells horizontally There are three ways in which bacteria transmits their DNA horizontally i.e. conjugation, transduction and transformation Conjugation involves the straight conveyance of DNA from a cell to the next via their mutual contact. This is often achieved through the injection of plasmids that duplicate within a bacterial cells without involving chromosomes (Das & Dash, 2014, 114). When dead bacteria split open and discharge genetic material, other bacteria can absorb this material directly and assimilate it into their DNAs in a process called transformation. Transduction is the viral transfer of DNA material between cells caused by bacteriophages, a group of viruses that can hijack bacterial cells to facilitate their own reproduction within the host. This continues until the phage virus particles become too many and overwhelm the host which bursts in a procedure called lyses (Clark & Pazdernik, 2012, 793). What is the difference between lytic and lysogenic viral replication? The lytic and lysogenic viral replication cycles are methods that viruses use to multiply themselves within cells and exploiting a cell’s genetic material to achieve their purposes. However, in the lytic viral replication cycle the cellular DNA and the viral DNA do not mix and develop in separate sacs up to maturity whereas in the lysogenic viral replication cycle the DNA material of the virus and the ce...