Does Performing Dynamic or Static Exercises Before A 200m Run Improve the Time Ran

I have attached the paper that i started to write. Please feel free to incorporate, restructure, add to, take away or not use at all. Do whatever makes sense to you. Also please follow the rubric closely. This paper should NOT be more than 15 pages
Research Question – (specific aim which includes independent and dependent variables)
start with this, needs to be focused and include all parts of your experiment (independent variable, dependent variable, population tested)
EX: What is the impact of the ingestion of 20mg Creatine Phosphate 30 minutes prior to exercise on 3 repetition max score on the bench for males ages 18-20?
EX2: What effect does the dropping height (1.0m, 2.0m, 3.0m) of a tennis ball have on the height the tennis ball will bounce measured in centimeters?
Personal Engagement – (provide evidence of independent thinking, initiative, or creativity that is related to personal significance, interest, or curiosity)
why are you interested in this topic?
What prompted you to want to investigate?
What issue does it address? (Try to link to real world significance/problems)
Background Information – (must be properly cited - use MLA; should be about the topic you picked, should go into detail on the specific terms that are essential to your research question; Need at least 3 cited sources; should be multiple paragraphs)
Describe the context – locations, objects, specific sport/exercise/skill, SEHS concept.
Use diagrams, maps, photographs when needed.
Include quality scientific theory which helps explain what you are researching and will be used for your hypothesis.
Reference to secondary sources throughout this section – if possible, one which you can later compare your results/conclusion with (a similar study). Other good sources help explain your context or scientific theories.
What is the science behind it?
What does existing research say about the topic?
Hypothesis – (include a prediction WITH reasoning)
What do you think will happen? Must include the independent and dependent variables within the hypothesis.
Why do you think that? Refer to scientific reasoning
EX: consuming 20mg Creatine Phosphate 30minutes prior to exercise will impact the 3 repetition max score on bench because creatine phosphate provides energy for muscle contraction. The more energy stored in muscle, the greater the force of contraction possible which would lead towards a higher 3 repetition max score on the bench press.
EX2: The higher the height of the tennis ball drop, the higher the tennis ball will bounce. This means that the tennis ball dropped from a height of 3.0m will have the highest bounce. This will occur because the ball will have more potential energy from the greatest height.
Independent Variable – (what you are testing/changing -include units of uncertainty if needed)
EX: Ingestion of 20mg (+/-1mg) Creatine Phosphate
EX2: Height of the ball drop in meters: 1.0m, 2.0m and 3.0m (+/-0.1m)
Dependent Variable – (what you are measuring and how it will be measured - include units of uncertainty or describe the methods of measuring, if applicable)
EX: 3 repetition max score on bench (+/- 2.5kg)
EX2: Height of the bounce of the ball after initial impact measure in centimeters (+/-1cm). The measurement will be taken from the ground to the bottom of the ball at its highest bounce height.
Control Variables – (make a chart, need at least 5 – must EXPLAIN)
state each of the variables that you can and will control (keep the same throughout the whole experiment)
state how you are controlling each one and WHY you need to control for it – what would happen to the expected results if this factor was higher/lower? Etc.
What are some things whose effects might impact the study, but you can control for that effect?
Example:
Control
How may it impact the DV?
How will it be controlled?
Gender
Males and females are physiologically different and thus have different limits in strength. In general, females are not as strong as males and thus would have lower 3 repetition max score on bench
All participants will be males
Measuring tape
Different measuring tapes may have slight variation in measurement marks. Different variations would affect the height the ball bounces (more or less)
Same standard measuring tape will be used throughout the experiment
Confounding variables (uncontrolled variables) – (any important variable you COULD NOT control for and why -think, can they at least be monitored to see if they vary?)
Confounding variable
How it affects the DV
Why can’t it be controlled
How to monitor
Air flow of the room
A stronger air flow can potentially add an additional force to the ball, reducing it’s height on the bounce.
There is no way to control the flow of air in the room – can not change the set up and structure of the room
Air flow will be monitored by the investigator and observations will be noted on in the qualitative data
Safety, Ethics and Environmental Considerations – (explain ethical, safety, and environmental issues. If anyone under 18 is used, need parental consent; any physical activity needs a PAR-Q; also hit on confidentiality, consent, safety of subjects and environmental issues)
Include PAR-Q and consent form
Include parental consent (if your participants are under 18)
Write about any safety issues that could occur and how it can be prevented
Write about any other issues like confidentiality
Write about environmental aspects – if not a part of the lab mention that
Include any COVID protocols that were covered – this should be mentioned!
Write about evidence that a risk assessment has been carried out to ensure safety in the field
For the environmental considerations write about any impact of the study on the site that it is conducted and how it was mitigated
EX: A PAR-Q is to be handed out and filled in by each participant. This is used to ensure that the participant can safely participate in the investigation without risk of injury or harm.
EX2: For safety reasons, there will be spotters for the bench press. Thus, if a participant is not able to lift the weight and needs assistance, they will not be injured, and the weight will not fall on them.
Materials: (Need specifics – make a table, could be easier. Include all equipment used, error margins if available)
Example:
Name of Equipment
Size and degree of error (where applicable)
Quantity Needed
Measuring tape
+2.5 mm
10
Prince Tennis Ball
1 Procedure – (a highly DETAILED, step by step set of instructions for carrying out the lab.)
Use a numbered list. It is acceptable, when repeating trials to write in the instructions “repeat steps ….”
Things to keep in mind when writing your procedure:
NO less than 10 subjects when completing groups – the more, the better
Give complete instructions for participants
Include warm-up/acclimatization (stretch and warm up) when applicable
Include control trials
Include pictures of your set up for help when needed BUT do not include any faces or identifying features
Be specific about how to use apparatus and about quantities of substances.
Include how controls were monitored
Write only in 3rd person or past tense.
State the different values of the IV and that you will test and how many times you will repeat the experiment so that your method allows for the collection of sufficient relevant data. The minimum should usually be 3-5 values of the IV and 10 repeats – the quantity of data depends on the complexity.
Data – (all data tables and data collected during the procedure)
Collect accurate data – no such thing as human error. If there is a mistake in the procedure, the trial should be repeated after a sufficient rest interval (an example could be that when timing a sprint, the subject stumbled, or the timer started the watch late – in this case, the trial would be redone.)
TABLES
A table title that starts with Table X: _________
The Independent variable should be in the left hand column with the dependent variable results to the right
Each column should have a descriptive heading with units and uncertainties. Units must only go in the heading
Data must be recorded to an appropriate number of decimal places based on the measuring apparatus used, and within each column the use of decimal places must be consistent. They must also be consistent with the uncertainty (so you may have to add .0 to your results.
Never split a table across 2 pages – keep it all together
Do not use participant names – assign them numbers or letters to keep track of them
Take the time and energy to format tables
Identify any outliers in the data – by highlighting them and including a key explaining it
If appropriate, calculate the mean and standard deviation. Would a rate be useful? %change? Etc; check your calculations as errors will drop marks awarded
Processed data should be to the same number of decimal places as the raw data
Should have at least 2 data tables – one raw (all collected data) one processed (means and SD etc whatever is applicable)
Table 1: A table to show how water temperature affects the time taken for a sugar cube to dissolve.
Temperature of water (oC)
±0.5 oC
Time taken for a sugar cube to dissolve. (s ± 1s)
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
20.0
300
310
305
30.0
290
300
275
Qualitative data – any descriptive data
Record and write about any observations made during the investigation ( - a color change, motivation levels etc)
This section should NOT include any numerical data
Include this after your raw data
Data Processing and Analysis
All calculations done should have a sample calculation shown. This can be typing in the calculation OR taking a screen shot of online calculators (be sure to cite the online site)
Things that should be calculated – means, standard deviation, correlation, effect size, T-test/ANOVA etc
Arrange data, writing and calculations so that comparisons (between condiditons, subjects, averages etc) are easy to see
When analyzing the data, explain what you are looking at and what it means to your data.
Write in a way so that is easy to follow your thoughts and how all the calculations have been carried out
Include justifications for the choice of tests
Identify any trends in the data
If there are outliers, explain why and what it means
Example: A p value of 0.343 is produced by the t-test, which is which than the significance level of a = 0.05. Thus, the results are not statistically significant and the null hypothesis is accepted. There is no difference in the number of successful tennis serves between the static warm up group and the dynamic warm up group.
GRAPHS
Plot graphs of PROCESSED data only. Is your graph the correct type? Line vs bar graph?
Add a title to your graph – should begin with Figure X: ______
Ensure the scale of the graph is correct and allows the data points to be plotted accurately
Always include error bars either to show the range or standard deviation. Include a key to say what type of error bars they are (standard deviation error bars must be customized to show correctly on graphs)
Add a line of best fit where relevant and label it as such.
The Independent variable should be on the x-axis and the dependent variable on the y-axis
Add descriptive labels to the axes and include units and uncertainties. If you are plotting the mean – say so on the axis
Conclusion – (discuss the results of your investigation)
Include a summary of the investigational procedure (very brief)
Discuss the results of the investigation
What happened?
Discuss quantitative data – what did the numbers say, what did it tell you about your hypothesis? Refer to the data
Discuss qualitative data – how might things like fatigue or weather or other factors impact your results?
Explain your results with scientific context and literature - compare back to scientific theory and background info – how did it compare to your expectations based on the background information you gathered? If your results do not match your expectations or published data refer to what you would have expected and why.
State a formal conclusion (EX: although the study showed that CP ingestion did increase performance on bench press scores, the p value was 0.28 which is higher than the critical p value of 0.05 and therefor was not statistically significant and the null hypothesis could not be rejected. The hypothesis was not supported.)
Evaluation – (this is where limitations and improvements should be discussed. Must discuss how it hinders/will help improve your data. A table can help. You can also add strengths to this section)
MUST have at least 3 weaknesses and 3 improvements.
Strengths – what went well, procedurally, in the lab? How did the design help you find out needed information?
Weaknesses – what may have made your results less reliable, or less valid, or (less accurate? Or specific?)? What problems could have been solved to make the results more meaningful?
Make sure to hit on reliability of the data
Identify any weakness in the method and materials
Evaluate the impact of the weakness (high, moderate, low)
Improvements should directly link to the weaknesses – should be relevant and feasible
Example:
Weakness
Impact on Study
Improvement
Lack of sleep
Moderate to high
Subjects 4 and 15 reported that they only slept 5 hours the night prior to Trial 2 of the investigative condition. Their scores were considerably lower than trials and 3.
Reschedule the trial and complete the trial on a day when they were able to get reasonable sleep. Additionally, a sleep log may be able to be used as qualitative data to address reliability questions
EX2:
Limitations
Improvements
Reliability – the female varsity tennis team had participants each with very different numbers of successful serve scores for static and dynamic warmups during the multiple days the study was done over, seen through the standard deviation indicating the spread of the participants’ scores around the mean, The static group had a higher standard deviation value of 1.075 then the dynamic group (0.966). The higher the standard deviation, the less reliable the results of the study are. A professional team would not produce such a problem because of highly similar skill from training
To improve reliability, the standard deviation must be minimized through using a more professional tennis team, with players possessing similar skill. However, such would not be realistic since there is no access to a willing professional team. Make the use of the autonomous level more suitable. Participants should all be in the autonomous skill level to increase reliability of scores.
Now that you have evaluated do your results really allow you to answer your research question. How confident are you.
Your evidence is strong if you answer yes to these questions:
Your evidence is weak if you answer yes to these questions:
Are your results consistent enough to give you reliable evidence to use to answer the research question?
Are your results variable or are there many anomalous results that can’t easily be explained?
Was the design of your experiment successful so that it gave precise and accurate results?
Were there faults in the experimental design which limited the precision or the accuracy?
Were all the variables controlled satisfactorily so that only the independent variable was varied?
Were there uncontrolled variables, which
Introduced uncertainties into your interpretation of the results?
Is there only one explanation that fits all the evidence and answers the research question?
Are there alternative explanations that would also fit the evidence and which you cannot refute?
Can you support each part of your answer to your research question with experimental evidence or by reference to other published data?
Are there parts of your answer to the research question which are unsubstantiated or uncertain and which need further investigation?
Extensions: (Explain any extensions to further your experiment)
Write about ideas for further study (EX: the study was completed using only male subjects in order to eliminate the impact of gender. Researchers wondered if the result might be different if the same study was done with female subjects as gender is known to impact muscular strength)
Be as detailed in your extensions as possible.
Works Cited – (Follow MLA citation rules)
Cite any reference used in the lab (must have at minimum 3)
Only cite sources that were USED in the writing of the paper. If you looked at a site and did not use information from you, you do not need to cite it.
Be sure to cite sources that were used in deciding what statistical measure were used or cites on which calculations were completed.
Cite any images, diagrams or forms that were used
Appendix – (any extra data tables or figures that are used for your experiment.)
Blank consent form
Blank PAR-Q
Any other resources that were used but not essential in the lab – reference points for data analysis or other tables etc