Positive Freedom, Critique of Libertarians, and the Voting Rights in the South

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1. Summarize Berlin's concept of "positive freedom."
Berlin's concept of "positive freedom" is the idea that individuals can be free when they are self-determined and in control of their destinies. This view of freedom is distinct from "negative freedom," which is the notion that a person is unbound to the extent that they are free from external interference (Berlin 33-57). Positive freedom is about an individual taking deliberate action to achieve goals and shape their own life. This notion of freedom is related to varying ideas of the self because it emphasizes the importance of self-determination and autonomy. It recognizes that individuals can direct their own lives and make decisions that are in their best interests. It acknowledges the importance of having a sense of identity and purpose in life.
2. Summarize Russell Kirk's critique of libertarians
Russell Kirk's critique of libertarians is that they focus too heavily on individual liberty and do not consider the importance of interdependence, tradition, and morality (Kirk 203-209). He believes that libertarianism is ultimately a form of "radical egoism" and denies the significance of community, the requirement for people to work together for the great common significance of community, and the requirement for people to work together for shared goals. He also believes that libertarianism ignores life's moral and spiritual aspects and fails to recognize the importance of tradition and history. Furthermore, he warns that without an emphasis on moral order, individuals will become increasingly selfish, resulting in a society of unrestrained self-interest and chaos. Additionally, he believed that libertarianism would lead to a breakdown of social order and a rejection of the idea of community (Kirk 203-209). Lastly, he argued that without strong moral values, individual liberty could become a hindrance to human progress.
3. How are conservatives and socialists similar, according to Friedrich Hayek?
Concurring with Friedrich Hayek, traditionalists and communists are comparative in their belief that a central authority should be responsible for the direction of a nation's economy. Hayek, however, objects to both of these ideologies due to their reliance on a central authority. He believes this central authority would only be able to effectively manage the economy due to its lack of knowledge of the system's complexities. He argues that only a free market can accurately assess the needs of the public and direct resources to the most beneficial use (Story and Bruce 2008). Furthermore, Hayek believes that the free market should be open to competition and the entry of new firms to maintain a vibrant and efficient economy. In addition, Hayek argues that the free market should be allowed to adjust to changing conditions without direct intervention from the government. He maintains that this will ensure that the market can react quickly to changing conditions and remain resilient in times of crisis.
4. Summarize William F. Buckley’s comments on voting rights in the South.
William F. Buckley argued that voting rights should be extended to Southern African Americans, as they are an integral part of the Americ...