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2 pages/≈550 words
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MLA
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Literature & Language
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Essay
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English (U.S.)
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Topic:

How Morphemes, Morphological Grammar, and Word Formation are Shaped by Phonological Processes

Essay Instructions:

Reference:
Denham, Kristin, and Anne Lobeck. Linguistics for everyone: An introduction. Cengage Learning, 2012.
Review Chapters 4 through 8 of Linguistics for Everyone and answer each of the following questions in a short essay of four to five paragraphs.
Question 1:
Explain how morphemes, morphological grammar, and word formation using morphological grammar are shaped by phonological processes. Use data from English; feel free to use examples from another language as well. 
To write about this question, consider the following: bound inflectional morphemes communicate a lot of grammatical information in many languages. For English, the most obvious examples would be the past tense -ed or the plural morpheme -s. For many Indo-European languages, verb inflections are another obvious example. These inflectional morphemes are not realized the same way across speakers, dialects, or even individual words. Phonological rules affect how they are produced. 
If you want to consider phonological processes in languages without inflections, you can consider tone or intonation. Questions would be a particularly promising way to explore how syntactic information is communicated at a morphological and phonological level. 
Question 2:
Explain the difference between descriptive and prescriptive grammar using examples from English. Discuss the basis of syntactic analysis in spoken (or signed) rather than written language, and discuss at least two differences in the way that syntacticians and English teachers view grammar. You may also use examples from another language.
Reference source:
Denham, Kristin, and Anne Lobeck. Linguistics for everyone: An introduction. Cengage Learning, 2012.
 

Essay Sample Content Preview:
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course
Date
Linguistics for Everyone
Question 1: Morphemes, word formation, and morphological grammar using morphological grammar
Phonological and morphological interconnected processes are interrelated that facilitate speech production. Morphological processes involve a combination of phonological content for morphemes that would promote phonological representation. Such a representation is ideal for processing phonology. Phonological and morphological processing have a connectedness to stimulate speech production. According to Denham and Anne, morphological processes’ output acts as an input to the various phonological processes (p. 87). If morphological processes are based on a combination of linguistic representations and morphemes, constituent sounds should be collective in forming a multimorphemic word. The emerging phonological model is ideal for enhancing speech production in such a case. Integrating morphemes’ phonological content is critical to improving the effectiveness of downstream processes.
A combination of morphemes facilitates the establishment of ideal phonological settings that vary in ways that adhere to language-precise constraints in phonology. Research findings indicate that the morphological aspect of any complex word is a determinant of the realization of fundamental morphemes. Besides, the phonological structure of complex words reflects morphological structure without being isomorphic to the structure. Notably, phonology plays a critical role in identifying words from available affixes. Morphological and phonological processing have a close connectedness that facilitates speech production. Morphological operations output is the primary input to the phonological procedures. If morphological processes involve a combination of lexical representation and morphemes, the phonological representation facilitates speech production.
Besides, a combination of morphemes facili...
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