The Weakening State and the Reorganization of the World

The Weakening State and the Reorganization of the World 
This activity will enable you to 
•Identify social arrangements interpreted as unjust and articulate the implications for social policy and action. (Sociology Major Outcome #4) 
This section discusses the emergence of international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) that are working to protect the individual and the environment against unfair and unjust practices and improve the quality of life in countries around the world. Some examples of INGOs are Amnesty International, World Wildlife Fund, the UNAIDS, global social movements, such as the global women's movement and international conferences on world politics, and global governance, such as the UN conferences on women and the environment.
INGOs have emerged as important players in the world arena because of their ability to engage extensively with and often challenge states and multinational corporations like Nike or The Gap. INGOs are trying to change state and corporate policies and prompt action on specific problems. In the first reading, Berkovitch (1999) traces the gradual strengthening of the international women's movement after World War 2 and its rapid proliferation in the latter part of the twentieth century to include the voices of Third World women. Boyle (2002) shows how female genital cutting (FGC) has become an issue of protecting women's rights despite the resistance from women in those countries where it is practiced. Boli and Thomas (1997) show how INGOs are becoming a strong influence over IGOs and states over issues that represent the welfare of peoples and environments. These issues need to be taken into account if INGOs are to cooperate with states and multinational corporations to bring the greatest benefits to their constituencies.
Before proceeding the discussion, please 
•Read the following from Lechner and Boli (Eds.), (2015). The Globalization Reader, (5th ed.): 
-Introduction to Part VII, Globalization, INGO's and Civil Society 
-Chapter 39: The Emergence and Transformation of the International Women's Movement 
-Chapter 40: The Evolution of Debates over Female Genital Cutting 
-Chapter 42: World Culture in the World Polity: A Century of International Non-Government Organization 
•Watch the following video: 
-India: Working to end child labor [Video file][26 min 00 sec] 
http://fod(dot)infobase(dot)com(dot)vlib(dot)excelsior(dot)edu/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=34471
-Nicaragua: Turning away from violence [Video file][26 min 00 sec]
http://fod(dot)infobase(dot)com(dot)vlib(dot)excelsior(dot)edu/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=34471 
-The Right to Femininity: Fighting Female Circumcision in Africa Today [Video file][46 min 00 sec] 
http://fod(dot)infobase(dot)com(dot)vlib(dot)excelsior(dot)edu/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=34539
Please answer the following questions:
•How has FGC continued to prevail in many parts of the world? 
•Has the redefinition of FGC made it more likely to be eradicated? 
•How does globalization of political systems affect the FGC issue?