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Psychology
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Stimulant Use and Failure to find Efficacious Treatments Essay

Essay Instructions:

Write an explanation for why researchers have not found any efficacious treatments for stimulant-use disorders. Include in your explanation an analysis of why previously tested treatments have failed. Be sure to include sociocultural and economic issues and references to the placebo effect in your Discussion. Finally, generate strategies for improving treatment of stimulant-use disorders.
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References
• Brown, E. S., Tirado, C., Minhajuddin, A., Hillhouse, M., Adinoff, B., Ling, W., . . . Thomas, C. (2010). Association of race and ethnicity with withdrawal symptoms, attrition, opioid use, and side-effects during buprenorphine therapy. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 9(2), 106–114.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
• Döpfner, M., Ose, C., Fischer, R., Ammer, R., & Scherag, A. (2011). Comparison of the efficacy of two different modified release methylphenidate preparations for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a natural setting: Comparison of the efficacy of Medikinet® retard and Concerta®—a randomized, controlled, double-blind multicenter clinical crossover trial. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 21(5), 445–454.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
• Filip, M., Alenina, N., Bader, M., & Przegaliński, E. (2010). Behavioral evidence for the significance of serotoninergic (5-HT) receptors in cocaine addiction. Addiction Biology, 15(3), 227–249.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
• Advokat, C. D., & Comaty, J. E., & Julien, R. M. (2019). Julien's primer of drug action: A comprehensive guide to the actions, uses, and side effects of psychoactive drugs (14th ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers/Macmillan.
o Chapter 6, “Caffeine and Nicotine” (pp. 177-206)
o Chapter 7, “Cocaine, the Amphetamines, and Other Psychostimulants” (pp. 217-248)
• Looby, A., & Earleywine, M. (2011). Expectation to receive methylphenidate enhances subjective arousal but not cognitive performance. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 19(6), 433–444.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
• Nuijten, M., Blanken, P., van den Brink, W., & Hendriks, V. (2011). Cocaine addiction treatments to improve control and reduce harm (CATCH): New pharmacological treatment options for crack-cocaine dependence in the Netherlands. BMC Psychiatry, 11, 135–144.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
• Preston, J. D., O’Neal, J. H., & Talaga, M. C. (2017). Handbook of clinical psychopharmacology for therapists (8th ed.). Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.
o Chapter 14, “Substance-Related Disorders” (“Stimulants,” pp. 157-160)
o Chapter 23, “Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology” (“Stimulants,” pp. 261-63)
o Appendix I: “Patient Information Sheets on Psychiatric Medications” (“Patient Information on Psychostimulants,” pp. 338-339)
• Sofuoglu, M., & Kosten, T. R. (2005). Novel approaches to the treatment of cocaine addiction. CNS Drugs, 19(1), 13–25.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
• Williams, M. J., & Adinoff, B. (2008). The role of acetylcholine in cocaine addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(8), 1779–1797.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

Essay Sample Content Preview:

Stimulant Use and Failure to find Efficacious Treatments
Your Name
Subject and Section
Professor’s Name
December 27, 2019
Despite the different approaches and researches designed to address stimulant-use disorders, current studies still failed to find efficacious methods to generate treatments due to the variability of intrinsic and extrinsic factors CITATION Say17 \l 1033 (Sayegh, Huey Jr, Zara, & Jhaveri, 2017).
On the one hand, intrinsic factors could refer to (1) the variety of stimulants that could be found in the market and (2) physiological differences. The variability in terms of the needed treatment is further complicated by different doses and sub-variants of the drugs used. For example, in a study conducted by Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (1999), the researchers found out that different types of drugs (with different doses) reacts to different types of treatments such as “health foods, amino acids, hot tubs, electronic brain tuners, and other ‘New Age’ treatments”. Another interesting study conducted by Stoops and Rush (2014), showed that combination pharmacotherapies are better as compared to ‘placebo’ treatments. However, the researchers explicitly noted that such efficacy regarding placebo use was not compared to combination treatments, which includes both pharmacotherapy and other types of treatments.
Aside from the variety of drugs and drug use, physiological differences inherent in the different races also pose another difficulty in reaching an efficacious treatment. A study conducted by Brown, et al. (2010), showed that Hispanics, non-Hispanics, and African Americans experience different adverse effects following buprenorphine use, with the third category being the most affected.
On the other hand, extrinsic factors could include the environment and socio-economic status of the individual. ...
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