Hospital Acquired infections

The Research Paper: First Draft
Assessment Traits
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Assessment Description
Using the references you identified in the module 1, write a first draft of your paper in 2,500-3,000 words.
Include Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusions, and References sections and headings.
Refer to one of the journal references you are using and copy its writing style/format rather than APA (You can also typically go to the journal’s home page and find links to their exact rules). Identify which journal format you are using on the title page.
APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.
Please use the below Annotated Bibliography
---Annotated Bibliography----- Hospital Acquired infections
Hospital-acquired infections, also known as healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), the definition of theses infections are acquired after hospitalization and appear within 48 hours of hospitalization. Healthcare-related infections have high morbidity and mortality rates. Infection prevention and control affect all aspects of health care, including hand hygiene, surgical site infections, injection safety, antimicrobial resistance, and how hospitals operate during and outside emergencies (Mehta, et al., 2014). Patient safety is the priority, and it is the responsibility of all healthcare providers. Many pieces of evidence showing interventions for hospital-acquired infections are available, and these infections are preventable. Guidelines and policies for preventing and controlling HAI need to be developed and implemented. This paper is to focus on the importance and prevention of hospital-acquired infections.
Annotated Bibliography
Mun, S. J., Kim, S.-H., Kim, H.-T., Moon, C., & Wi, Y. M. (2022). The epidemiology of bloodstream infection contributing to mortality: the difference between community-acquired, healthcare-associated, and hospital-acquired infections. BMC Infectious Diseases, 22(1), 336. https://doi-org(dot)lopes(dot)idm(dot)oclc(dot)org/10.1186/s12879-022-07267-9
This research was done by Mun et al. (2022) in two teaching hospitals. It seeks to understand the true burden of bloodstream infections (BSIs) and the pathogens responsible for mortality. They argue that understanding the epidemiology of BSI that contributes to mortality and its susceptibility patterns can help to better understand BSI and to prioritize infection control and institutional or national antibiotic policies. The study shows the number of patients with hospital-acquired infections, the number of patients per infection, and the number of patients with blood-borne infections (BSIs). The number of patients who died due to severe disease during the study period. The study also noted the percentage of pathogens associated with mortality from hospital-acquired infections and bloodstream infections (BSIs). This is essential for infection prevention and antibiotic stewardship programs.
Abumettleq, I. S. S., & Bayraktar, N. (2021). Nurses' awareness on hospital acquired infection risks of the geriatric patients: A descriptive and cross-sectional study. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 15(4), 552–558. https://doi-org(dot)lopes(dot)idm(dot)oclc(dot)org/10.3855/jidc.11885
An increasing number of people over the age of 65 constitute a specific group of people at risk of nosocomial and other healthcare-associated infections. Nosocomial infections are a significant problem in terms of morbidity and mortality, prolonged hospital stays, and increased costs. Nurses play an important role in preventing patients from developing healthcare-associated infections. This study aimed to determine nurses' perceptions of the risk of hospital-acquired infection in elderly patients. The study provides evidence that nurses lack knowledge about specific at-risk age groups and the need for a comprehensive, systematic, and ongoing education program to increase nurses' awareness of healthcare-associated infections.
D’Oliveira, R. A. C., Pereira, L. C. D., Codes, L., Rocha, M. de S., & Bittencourt, P. L. (2022). Analysis of Healthcare Associated and Hospital Acquired Infections in Critically Ill Patients with Cirrhosis. Arquivos de Gastroenterologia, 59(1), 102–109. https://doi-org(dot)lopes(dot)idm(dot)oclc(dot)org/10.1590/S0004-2803.202200001-18
The study focused on patients with cirrhosis admitted to an intensive care unit that specializes in liver and gastrointestinal disease. The study assessed the frequency of infection along with drug-resistance microorganisms and their impact on the development of complications such as acute kidney injury, hepatorenal syndrome, acute-on-chronic liver failure, sepsis, and mortality. According to the study, 43-59% of cirrhotic patients admitted to intensive care had developed bacterial infections, which affect morbidity and mortality. Increased frequency of healthcare-associated (HCA) and hospital-acquired (HA) infections in patients with cirrhosis affects patient survival and prognosis. This study provides evidence that patients with immune suppression have a higher risk of healthcare-associated infections and increased mortality.
Cole, K. L., Kurudza, E., Rahman, M., Kazim, S. F., Schmidt, M. H., Bowers, C. A., & Menacho, S. T. (2022). Use of the 5-factor modified frailty index to predict hospital-acquired infections and length of stay among neurotrauma patients undergoing emergent craniotomy/craniectomy. World Neurosurgery, 164. https://doi(dot)org/10.1016/j.wneu.2022.05.122
Traumatic brain injury is an important public health problem that is often complicated by hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). According to the study, neurotrauma patients after craniectomy/craniotomy had complications of HAI, resulting in longer hospital stays and higher healthcare costs. The study focused on multiple factors that may increase patients' risk of hospital-acquired infections. Age is often used to determine the risk of postoperative complications, such as hospital-acquired infections. However, according to the study, frailty was a better predictor of surgery or medical intervention risk than age alone. Evidence shows that the frailty assessment provides effective risk stratification in neurosurgery. Studies have demonstrated that hospital-acquired infections in patients with neurotrauma have multiple factors that prolong hospital stays.
Arefian, H., Vogel, M., Kwetkat, A., & Hartmann, M. (2016). Economic Evaluation of Interventions for Prevention of Hospital Acquired Infections: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 11(1), 1–15. https://doi-org(dot)lopes(dot)idm(dot)oclc(dot)org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146381
Hospital-acquired infections are one of the top reasons for patient morbidity and mortality. It is a serious public health problem. In addition, it is a problem that prolongs patients' hospital stays and increases costs to the healthcare system. Urinary tract infections, surgical wound infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and primary bloodstream infections are the main types of HAIs. This study reviewed and assessed the quality and economic benefits of HAI prevention interventions. In general, interventions targeting several types of HAIs or HAIs have higher economic benefits than preventive interventions targeting a single type of infection. The study concluded that HAI prevention interventions provide positive cost-benefit estimates, which also provides solid evidence for the importance of HAI prevention interventions.
Hughes, G. J., Nickerson, E., Enoch, D. A., Ahluwalia, J., Wilkinson, C., Ayers, R., & Brown, N. M. (2013). Impact of cleaning and other interventions on the reduction of hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infections in two hospitals in England assessed using a breakpoint model. Journal of Hospital Infection, 84(3), 227–234. https://doi-org(dot)lopes(dot)idm(dot)oclc(dot)org/10.1016/j.jhin.2012.12.018
"Hospital-acquired infection (HAI) including central vein-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), surgical site infection (SSI), hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) (Monegro et al., 2022)." The study aimed to assess the impact of different infection control interventions. The study found that deep cleaning was consistently associated with a progressive reduction in the incidence of CDI and also found that intensive cleaning has been shown to be effective against other hospital-acquired infections. Hospital-acquired infections include different pathways and organisms, and effective interventions may be based on organisms. However, universal intervention, enhanced cleaning, has been shown to be an effective prevention of hospital-acquired infections.
Mouajou, V., Adams, K., DeLisle, G., & Quach, C. (2022). Hand hygiene compliance in the prevention of hospital-acquired infections: a systematic review. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 119, 33–48. https://doi-org(dot)lopes(dot)idm(dot)oclc(dot)org/10.1016/j.jhin.2021.09.016
one of the most effective and cost-effective strategies for reducing hospital-acquired infections (HAIs)is hand hygiene, which has been a basis and the best strategy for all healthcare facilities. Several infection prevention measures have been implemented to control the acquisition of hospital-acquired (HA) infections, including hand hygiene. The hands of health care workers are considered to be the primary source for the transmission of bacterial pathogens that cause hospital-acquired infections, and it is generally accepted that good hand hygiene compliance (HHC) can significantly reduce hospital-acquired (HA) infections. The focus of this study was to determine hand hygiene compliance rates associated with the lowest incidence of hospital-acquired infections in order to provide evidence for implementing practical hand hygiene compliance goals. The results of this study can provide a reference for healthcare workers to understand the importance of hand hygiene compliance.
Grant, K. L., Wiskirchen, D. E., Wu, U., Grey, M. R., & Eamranond, P. P. (2021). Reducing hospital-acquired infections in a regional health system. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 42(12), 1542–1544. https://doi(dot)org/10.1017/ice.2020.1347
The study analyzed and found the number of hospital-acquired infections that occurred because of the timing of testing. In addition, the staff lacked knowledge about the importance of early detection and treatment of infections. Patients who develop HAI are often exposed to exogenous infections when they come into contact with healthcare facilities, procedures, staff, visitors, and other patients. The research aims to create an intervention that provides high-quality, safe, and cost-effective healthcare across multiple healthcare settings. The study identified reductions in the Standardized International Ratio (SIR) of HAI as the primary measure of their goal of providing safe healthcare. A best practice bundle, a hand hygiene compliance program, and an environmental cleanliness audit program were implemented as interventions. After the regional standardization of the best practice package, HAI decreased significantly across all hospitals within the regional healthcare system. This study serves as evidence for my thesis that standardization and implementation of infection prevention interventions will significantly reduce hospital-acquired (HA) infections.
Bulmash, B., Ben-Assuli, O., & Amar, M. (2020). Fear of hospital-acquired infections: The combined impact of patient's hygiene sensitivity and perceived staff preventive behavior. Journal of Community Health, 45(6), 1211–1219. https://doi(dot)org/10.1007/s10900-020-00857-1
Proactive behavior assures others, such as visitors or other patients, that medical personnel understand the risks in the environment and take precautions to reduce the risk of infection. As we already know, the hands of health care workers are considered to be the main source of transmission of bacterial pathogens that cause hospital-acquired infections. Hygiene sensitivities and proactive behaviors of healthcare workers can greatly influence hospital-acquired infections. Hygiene sensitivities may prompt hospital visitors to respond differently based on their perceptions of medical staff actively combating infectious diseases. The research is a response to one of the important factors and evidence for the need for employee education.
Sanchez Novas, D., Fernández, M. S., García Guzzo, M. E., Aguilar Avila, L. T., Domenech, G., Bolla, F. E., Terrasa, S. A., García Fornari, G., & Teijido, C. A. (2022). Self-contamination following removal of two personal protective equipment suits: A randomized, controlled, crossover simulation trial. Journal of Hospital Infection, 119, 155–162. https://doi(dot)org/10.1016/j.jhin.2021.09.017
Healthcare providers face a high risk of contamination when caring for infected patients. Healthcare workers must use protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, disposable gowns, surgical masks, N95s, goggles, shoe covers, and hair covers, to protect patients and themselves. However, self-contamination can occur if the protective equipment (PPE) is not adequately worn or removed. The study used UV fluorescent solutions after staff removed gowns and personal protective equipment (PPE) to find the differences in self-contamination. And the study concluded that self-contamination after removing personal protective equipment (PPE) was greater than after removing gowns. In terms of reducing self-contamination in the arm/hand area, quickly removing gowns and gloves is important. The study shows that employers must provide employees with repeated training sessions and increase knowledge about self-contamination after PPE is removed.