Oppositional Defiant Disorder During Childhood-Adolescent

Oppositional Defiant Disorder During Childhood-Adolescent Research Paper
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Childhood defiance is an inevitable phase of a person's growth. It should be noted that many oppositional behaviors manifest in children aged between 18 and 24 months and attain their definitive thresholds by the age of 3 years. The condition manifests as a pathological occurrence that incorporates abnormal levels in terms of severity or continuity, and its prevalence becomes increasingly significant. This implies that the disorder is pathological when not linked to a child's age or developmental conditions. When these behavioral tendencies repeatedly become overwhelming, they are termed oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). ODD constitutes one of the most prevalent clinical problems in adolescents and children. The disorder is classified into the disruptive behavioral disorder category. The paper argues that ODD's symptomatology is categorized into irritable/angry mood, defiant/argumentative behavior, as well as vindictiveness. The etiology includes sociological, psychological, physiological, and developmental constructs that cause the disorder. It is also established that the gold standard interventions for ODD include patient management training (PMT), school-based interventions, and pharmacologic therapy.
Definition of ODD
Based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5), Fooladvand et al. (2021) defined ODD as an adverse, constant trend of aggravation, hostility, rebellions, and disobedience against those in positions of influence or power. ODD is a kind of childhood disruptive behavioral tendency that mainly entails issues with controlling one's behaviors and emotions. According to the DSM-5, persistent irritable or angry mood trends, vindictiveness towards others, or defiant or argumentative behavior constitute ODD's primary feature (Aggarwal & Marwaha, 2022).
Psychologists hold that many factors are attributed to the development of ODD's consistent patterns, including learned, biological, and mood factors. Risk factors for aggressive or hostile behavioral tendencies in adolescents include abusive behaviors during childhood, such as sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and negligence, as well as highly rigorous, punishment-based training. In this vein, the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5 categorizes ODD into three classifications: irritable/angry mood, defiant/argumentative behavior, as well as vindictiveness (Fooladvand et al., 2021). These dimensions are increasingly interrelated, implying its symptomatology can be defined as one diagnostic construct with the categorization simply reiterating the argument that different patterns of clinical manifestations may offer clinically relevant information. This notion is anchored on rationales of various associations between these categorizations as well as other kinds of dysfunction. For instance, the irritable/angry categorization is increasingly linked to mood/anxiety disorders, whereas the headstrong/defiant categorization is closely associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Hawes, 2014). Again, the vindictive/spiteful dimension i...