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5 pages/β‰ˆ1375 words
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APA
Subject:
Life Sciences
Type:
Research Paper
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English (U.S.)
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Topic:

Should the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska be Opened for Oil Exploration?

Research Paper Instructions:

CHECKLIST: AVOIDING COMMON ERRORS IN SCIENCE PAPERS Tips compiled by GEL 1 Teaching Assistants over the past few years. THESIS: 1. Do I have a clear thesis statement? 2. Does my thesis statement present a specific statement about the topic? (avoid being vague or overly generalized) 3. Does my thesis make an arguable point rather than a list of topics? ORGANIZATION: 1. Does my paper consist of an introduction, supporting evidence and background, and a conclusion? 2. Do my supporting evidence paragraphs relate to my thesis? (a good way to do this is to make the first or last sentence of each paragraph explain its relevance) 3. Are my paragraphs in a logical order? (evidence should build up towards proving your thesis. It is good to make an outline of what each paragraph does and then reorder them in the most effective way.) 4. Do I separate my paper into sections with sub-headings? 5. If I’m comparing two things, do I actually say how they relate or measure up to each other? (don’t just define them) 6. Do I avoid lengthy definitions and explanations of terms? (You can assume I know the terms learned in class. Only explain terms if the explanation directly relates to your argument.) 7. Are my paragraphs less than a page? (if they are too long, break them up into smaller paragraphs) WRITING STYLE: 1. Do I directly say the facts rather than talking about what I will say? (avoid sentences like “I will discuss this issue” or “This paper is about earthquakes.” Instead, say “Earthquakes are common in California.”) 2. Do I avoid poetic, emotional, and extreme language and hyperboles? (avoid things like “this is extremely dangerous,” “the earthquake was terrifying”) 3. Are my sentences brief and to the point? (decide what fact or argument each sentence is about, and stick to that fact without adding extra “fluff” words) 4. Do I avoid run-on sentences? (If your sentence has multiple points in it or is over 3 lines, it is probably a run-on. Break the sentence up into smaller sentences, and repeat the citation in both sentences if necessary) 5. Do I avoid using the 1st person (“I” or “we”) when possible? 6. Do I use vocabulary from class when possible? (use the more scientific term if you have a choice between two words to describe something) CITATIONS: 1. Do I have my references numbered correctly in the order I cite them? 2. Did I actually use/cite all of my references in-text? 3. Are my references formatted according to the format in “Writing GEL1 Papers”? 4. Do my figures have in-text citations if they need them? If you didn’t draw them yourself, you need a citation. 5. Are my figures at the end of the paper? (they don’t count towards the 4-6 pages) 7. Do I avoid using quotations in my paper, and put everything in my own words? 8. Does EVERY fact I state have an in-text citation? 9. Did I state everything in my own words and avoid copying the phrasing/sentence structure/words of the articles I cited?

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Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
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Introduction
Disputes over the Alaskan Wildlife Reserve have gone on for decades now. Recently, the Republican Congress proposed that the ANWR reserve be explored for oil for the purposes of the tax reform bill (Patterson, 2017). The environmentalists are against this proposal. The argument goes once more just like before. Before resolving, however, if the reserve should be put into exploration or not, some factors must be considered. Such factors are the benefits of exploring the oil over not exploring it. What would be the environmental impact considering ANWR is a reserve? How much oil and how long will it feed the US economy if explored? Looking at these factors, the paper resolves that the ANWR should not be opened for oil exploration.
Background
ANWR in Alaska covers a 19. 6- million acre land (Bonilla, 2017). It is one of the pristine areas in the US and mostly called the great wilderness. It hosts various species of wild animals including; polar bear, wolverines, migratory birds, and Alaskan moose among others. The area was declared by President Eisenhower a federally protected area. This was in 1960. In 1980, oil exploration was banned (Bonilla, 2017). Various Congresses and Presidents have worked against the efforts of exploring the area.
After the discovery of the oil at Prudhoe Bay in 1968, the oil business started booming in the Alaskan North Slope. This area today supplies only a quarter of the total domestic output. The exact amount of the oil in the reservoir has not yet been determined due to the banning of drilling in the area. However, geological surveys in 2002 estimated that the oil contained in the reservoir would be from 4.3-11.8 billion barrels (Collins, 2017). The 2008 report by the Department of Energy according to Collins 2017, says that the amount of oil and its quality is uncertain.
America still being in the oil-age, consumes a lot of oil. The total oil importation in America from about 70 foreign countries is 10 million barrels daily. In 2016, the US consumed 25% of the total foreign oil (Reuters Staff, 2016). Considering that the US is a society which is car-centric, it consumes 19 million barrels of oil daily. Summed up together, the US consumes 20% of the world’s total consumption (Reuters Staff, 2016). This is when China’s and Russia’s consumption is put together. Looking at that background, here are the reasons why ANWR should not be opened for oil exploration.
The formation of the oil-bearing rocks is not promising. According to Lewis 2017, the oil-bearing rock based on the geological survey in 1971 is not like the rocks in Prudhoe Bay. The rocks in ANWR are deformed extensively and thus not viable commercially. One of the prominent structures found in the area is Marsh Creek Anticline. This structure is found in the Tertiary rocks that are highly folded. It seems to be dying off as depth increases and is a decollement type. Further explorations to the East expose rocks in a Niguanak structure that are old and Jurassic that are highly deformed (Lewis, 2017). It happens that these are the rocks through which oil seeps have been recorded.
The oil reserves will not bring forth the proje...
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