The Pathophysiology of an S3 Heart Sound and The Causes of S3 Gallop

Module 4 will include a review of the structure and function of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. Cardiac disorders in the adult and child will be emphasized. The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen, nutrients and other substances to the body’s cells and to remove cellular waste. The heart pumps blood through two separate circulatory systems, one to the lungs and on to the body parts. The heart has the remarkable ability to work continuously for 90 or more years. The heart pumps blood through the bold vessels with cooperation from other systems, mainly the nervous and endocrine systems. Arteries carry blood from the heart to all parts of the body. This system of arteries eventually becomes capillaries, which allow exchange between the blood and the interstitial environment, where the cells live. Veins then carry the blood from the capillaries back to the heart. Dysfunction of the heart not only leads to heart disease but also to the development of vascular disease.
Objectives
Describe the normal cardiac cycle.
Describe preload and afterload.
Discuss the angiotensin renin system.
Identify diseases of the veins.
Discuss alterations in vascular flow.
Describe the pathophysiology of common adult disorders of the cardiovascular system.
Identify risk factors for congenital cardiac defects.
Describe the pathophysiology of common childhood disorders of the cardiovascular system.
Mrs. K is a 60-year-old white female who presented to the ER with complaints of her heart “beating out of my chest.” She is complaining that she is having increased episodes of shortness of breath over the
last month and in fact has to sleep on 4 pillows. She also notes that the typical swelling she's had in her ankles for years has started to get worse over the past two months, making it especially difficult to get her shoes on toward the end of the day. In the past week, she's been experiencing fatigue and decreased urine output. Her past history is positive for an acute anterior wall myocardial infarction and coronary artery bypass surgery. She was a 2 pack a day smoker, but quit 8 years ago.
On physical examination, auscultation of the heart revealed a rumbling S3 gallop and inspiratory crackles. She has +3 edema of the lower extremities.
1. Discuss the pathophysiology of an S3 heart sound and include causes for an S3 gallop?
Mrs. K is a 60-year-old white female who presented to the ER with complaints of her heart “beating out of my chest.” She is complaining that she is having increased episodes of shortness of breath over the last month and in fact has to sleep on 4 pillows. She also notes that the typical swelling she's had in her ankles for years has started to get worse over the past two months, making it especially difficult to get her shoes on toward the end of the day. In the past week, she's been experiencing fatigue and decreased urine output. Her past history is positive for an acute anterior wall myocardial infarction and coronary artery bypass surgery. She was a 2 pack a day smoker, but quit 8 years ago.
On physical examination, auscultation of the heart revealed a rumbling S3 gallop and inspiratory crackles. She has +3 edema of the lower extremities.
1. Discuss the pathophysiology of an S3 heart sound and include causes for an S3 gallop?
Mrs. K is a 60-year-old white female who presented to the ER with complaints of her heart “beating out of my chest.” She is complaining that she is having increased episodes of shortness of breath over the last month and in fact has to sleep on 4 pillows. She also notes that the typical swelling she's had in her ankles for years has started to get worse over the past two months, making it especially difficult to get her shoes on toward the end of the day. In the past week, she's been experiencing fatigue and decreased urine output. Her past history is positive for an acute anterior wall myocardial infarction and coronary artery bypass surgery. She was a 2 pack a day smoker, but quit 8 years ago.
On physical examination, auscultation of the heart revealed a rumbling S3 gallop and inspiratory crackles. She has +3 edema of the lower extremities.
1. Discuss the pathophysiology of an S3 heart sound and include causes for an S3 gallop?