Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure in Rhabdomyolysis

Module 10: Musculoskeletal System & Integumentary System
Introduction
Module 10 will include a review of the structure and function of the musculoskeletal system. The major focus of this Module will include alterations of musculoskeletal function. There will be an emphasis on common disorders of musculoskeletal function in the adult and child.
The musculoskeletal systems function is to hold the body together, permit movement of the body, and protect and support the internal organs. The parts of the musculoskeletal system that provides structure and support are the bones, joints, capsules, and ligaments. Those that allow the body to function or move include muscles and tendons along with the central and peripheral nervous systems. When changes occur in these components pain or disease results.
Bone tissue loss occurs in the aging adult. Bones become less dense, weaker, and more brittle. In women bone density decreases leading to deformity, pain, stiffness, and high risk for fractures. Men also experience bone loss but a t later ages and at slower rates than women. Strength declines slowly with age. Most people loose about one third of a pound of muscle every year after age 40 and gain at least as much body fat.
Module 10 will also include a review of the structure and function of the integumentary system. The primary focus will include alterations of the integumentary function. There will be an emphasis on disorders of the integumentary system in the adult and child.
The integumentary system is the largest system in the body. It consists of skin, hair, nails,
and various glands. The skin covers the entire body and accounts for about 20% of the body’s weight. The integumentary system is made up of two parts: skin and accessory structures. There are 5 functions of the integumentary system: protection, temperature maintenance, synthesis and storage of nutrients, sensory reception, and excretion and secretion. Normal microorganisms of the skin protect against pathologic bacteria.
Objectives
Discuss the structure and function of the musculoskeletal system.
Identify clinical manifestations of disorders of the musculoskeletal system.
Discuss pathophysiology of the common adult and childhood disorders of the musculoskeletal.
Review current treatment options for various common adult and childhood disorders of the musculoskeletal system.
Discuss the structure and function of the integumentary system.
Identify clinical manifestations of disorders of the integumentary system.
Discuss pathophysiology of the common conditions of the integumentary system.
Review current treatment options for various common conditions of the integumentary system.
Readings
Chapter 40 ppt.
Chapter 41 ppt.
Chapter 42 ppt.
Chapter 43 ppt.
Chapter 44 ppt.
Huether et al. 2020
Chapter 40
Please review this chapter; there are no required readings from this chapter.
Chapter 41
Skeletal Trauma
Fractures
Dislocation and Subluxation
Sprains and Strains
Tendinopathy, Epicondylopathy, and Bursitis
Muscle Strains
Rhabdomyolysis
Compartment Syndrome
Malignant Hyperthermia
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Paget Disease
Osteomyelitis
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Gout
Fibromyalgia
Myopathy
Bone Tumors
Patterns of Bone Destruction
Types
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Chapter 42
Clubfoot
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Osteomyelitis
Septic Arthritis
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Scoliosis
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy
Myotonic Muscular Dystorphy
Osteochondroma
Osteosarcoma
Ewing Sarcoma
Fractures in Nonaccidental Trauma
Chapter 43
Review Structure and Function of the Skin
Inflammatory Disorders
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Irritant Contact Dermatitis
Atopic Dermatitis
Stasis Dermatitis
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Psoriasis
Pityriasis Rosea
Lichen Planus
Acne roseacea
Lupus Erythematosus
Pemphigus
Erythema Multiforms
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Bacterial Infections
Viral Infections
Fungal Infections
Urticarial
Scleroderma
Seborrheic Keratosis
Actinic Keratosis
Cancer
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Cutaneous Melanoma
Kaposi Sarcoma
Alopecia
Paronychia
Onchomycosis
Chapter 44
Acne Vulgaris
Atopic Dermatitis
Diaper Dermatitis
Impetigo Contagiosum
Tinea Capitis
Tinea Corporis
Thrush
Molluscum Contagiosum
rubeola
Roseola
Small Pox
Chickenpox
Scabies
Pediculosis
Discussion
Module 9
Discussion 1
A 28-year-old male presents to the primary care office for evaluation of left calf pain, swelling, and redness. He reports that this started one day ago and worsened today. He ran a 27-mile marathon 2 days ago and traveled for 3 hours in a car today. He reports slight pain on walking and a swollen red calf. He took Ibuprofen 600 mg twice today without relief. Patient reports being an experienced runner, running 3-5 miles daily. He trained for the marathon for 4 months. Patient also reports a history of exercise induced asthma and uses albuterol sulfate HFA as needed.
On physical exam patient appears in good health T 99 P 68 R 18 BP 118/78 wt. 175 lb, height 72 in. BMI 23.1. Heart rate is regular without murmurs, rubs, or gallops. Lungs clear bilaterally. HEENT WNL. Strength lower extremities +5 and DTRs + 2. Left calf erythematous, edematous, warm and tender on palpation. Pulses 3+.
Two possible diagnoses were considered: deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and rhabdomyolysis.
Stat ultrasound of left leg to rule out DVT was ordered and read as normal
CBC WNL
Creatine Kinase (CK) 23,000 U/L (normal 24-170 U/L)
BUN and Creatinine WNL
A diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis was made.
1. Discuss the pathophysiology of acute renal failure in rhabdomyolysis.
Module 10: Discussion
Post your initial response by Wednesday at midnight. Respond to one student by Sunday at midnight. Both responses must be a minimum of 150 words, scholarly written, APA formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2 references are required (other than your text). Refer to grading rubric for online discussion.
Special Guidance on APA formatting in Discussion Posts
APA formatting is required in discussion posts with the following two exceptions (due to limitations with the text editor in LIVE): double line space and indent 1/2 inch from the left margin. Discussion posts will NOT be evaluated on those two formatting requirements. All other APA formatting guidelines should be followed. For example, in-text citations must be formatted with the appropriate information and in the correct sequence (Author, year), reference list entries must include all appropriate information following guidelines for capitalization, italics, and be in the correct sequence. Refer to the APA Publication Manual 7th ed. for each source type's specific requirements. Please let your instructor know if you have any questions.
Please note include a summarized table with the pathophysiology, test, diagnosis, Treatment, as indicated in the writing sample as attached to this assignment.