Physics Sample Questions

Unit II Assessment
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Unit II Assessment
Question 1: Differences between ionic and covalent bonds and why a responder must be aware of the difference
In covalent bonds, atoms share electrons, but ionic bonds atoms involve transfer electrons. The reaction components of covalent bonds are electrically neutral. In contrast, the ionic bond’s reaction components are all charged. In an ionic bond, one atom donates an electron to stabilize the other atom. Thus, ionic bonds show different electronegativity values from each other. In a covalent bond, the atoms are bound by shared electrons. Therefore, in a true covalent bond, the electronegativity values are the same. In summary, ionic bonds often involve bonds between metal and non-metals, have high polarity, no definite shape, high melting and boiling points, and are often solid at room temperature.
On the other hand, covalent bonds involve bonds bounding non-metals of similar electronegativities, but have low polarity, have a definite shape, low melting and boiling points, and are often liquids or gas at room temperature. Understanding covalent and ionic bonds are essential in hazard and emergency management, especially amongst first responders. This knowledge allows first responders to comprehend how and why chemicals behave the way they do, which becomes a critical skill-set, especially when reference sources
are not timely available. Even when responders manage material hazards, they must understand what type of material and their bonds to be aware of the possibility of contamination and material or related chemical reactions. The protective gear worn by the first responders should be designed to protect against damage and entry by certain chemicals.
Question 2: ionization of molecules and why it is essential for responders during hazardous materials incident
Ionization is any process by which electrically neutral atoms or molecules are converted to electrically charged atoms or molecules. Ionization may be applicable in many instances, but it poses a danger to human life when it is pretty intense or high dosage. For example, ionizing radiation can direct tissue damage and cancer. The debilitating effect of ionizing radiation is amplified by endogenous signaling, leading to oxidative damage to DNA, lipids, proteins, and other metabolites (Reisz et al., 2014). Radiation injury can happen from external irradiation, external contamination with radioactive materials, contamination by inhalation, ingestion, or transdermal absorption marked by radioactive compounds infiltrations into the human body. The first step involves controlling the access to the nuclear or radiological place while prioritizing the confinement protoc...