Introduction to Urban Studies (UPPP 4) Final. Social Sciences Essay

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Introduction to Urban Studies (UPPP 4) Final
Cities and Social Movements
Part 1: Specific economic and political conditions that have worsened conditions for low-income immigrants in the United States cities
Various social economic and political conditions have worsened the state of low-income immigrants in the United States. For instance, in 2014, Barack Obama had issued a speech on immigration. He stated that he would use his authority to protect approximately 5 million immigrants who were not documented from deportation. However, John Boehner termed his actions as controversial, because he had acted as an autocrat by turning against the American people’s will (Nicholls & Uitermark). Other countries such as France and Netherlands have frequently implemented executive degrees and regulations to monitor the status of underprivileged immigrants. For example, Netherlands implemented laws in 2012 to allow permanent status of residency to immigrants who had moved in the country as minors. Besides, in 2013, France had implemented small and large measures to monitor the status of immigrants. Although the nations focused on ensuring that immigrants would be granted a permanent stay in the country, prominent opinion makers and politicians stated that immigrants caused wages to degrees and burdened the country significantly. Moreover, they stated that immigrants, especially in the United States and Europe had diverse cultural practices, causing them to undermine social cohesion and posing a threat to the identity of the nation (Nicholls & Uitermark 3). The media coverage displayed immigrants in Europe populating the region and living in inhuman conditions in slum settlements, occupying buildings, and camps.
Part 2: The Specific Factors that Sparked Mobilizations by Undocumented Immigrants in the United States
In March and May 2006, a significant number of immigrants protested for their immigrant rights. The mobilization movement caused the emergence of a social movement. In December, 2005, the house of representatives of the United States had approved the control act of illegal immigration, antiterrorism, and border protection. The act was implemented to make it a crime offense for people who were undocumented immigrants (Nicholls & Uitermark). In addition, it indicated that it was illegal to assist undocumented immigrants, and required employers to conform the immigration status of employees by performing background checks. When the bill was delivered to the senate, the Latino community began protesting, while radio stations started discussing the issues on air. As a result, undocumented immigrants began mobilizing.
The factors that caused the mobilizations by undocumented immigrants in the United States include enhancing communication, commitment, and coordination among and within potential actors. The mobilizi...