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Antibiotics Use and Gut Microflora

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Do you recall the purpose of the cecum, that blind pouch near the origin of the large intestine, with its tiny worm-shaped appendix? Your large intestine (=colon) houses more (tiny) bacterial cells than you have human body cells.
In fact, the entire lumen, a tube going through our entire bodies, contains not only food, which enters at the oral end, but swarms of bacteria of many species, until it empties out feces at the anus. The bilaterally symmetrical body plan, like a giant soda straw, with an oral end and an anal end, where the inside and outside of the straw is covered in integument (epithelium for us), is common throughout the animal kingdom, insects, earthworms, mammals, etc. And the cecum is much larger than ours in most other mammals, including rabbits, who use bacteria in their cecum to break down cellulose and then consume their own fecal pellets to get the benefit of the nutrients thus broken down.
Many of our symbiotic bacteria (such as Escherichia coli, AKA E. coli) have a mutualistic relationship with us and provide us with vitamins and chemical barriers to invading bacteria. So having a healthy population of “good” bacteria in our colon is important.
Along comes Clostridium difficile, a gram positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, which produces A and B toxins which can be fatal to humans. Please read at least three of the five recommended articles, and then think of 3 possible explanations given our 21st century lifestyle, antibiotic use (not only on ourselves but on our meat), and crowded human populations, for the increase in C. diff. cases worldwide.
Write a paragraph for each of these explaining how & why your “Cause” would increase the incidence of this ugly bacterium. Note this is 3 paragraphs total.
Comment on a classmates explanations.
RESOURCES; USE AT LEAST THREE. And for each, follow the important links for the whole story.
https://www(dot)mayoclinic(dot)org/diseases-conditions/c-difficile/symptoms-causes/syc-20351691 (Links to an external site.)
https://www(dot)webmd(dot)com/digestive-disorders/clostridium-difficile-colitis#1 (Links to an external site.)
https://www(dot)cdc(dot)gov/cdiff/index.html (Links to an external site.)
https://medlineplus(dot)gov/cdiffinfections.html (Links to an external site.)
https://www(dot)health(dot)harvard(dot)edu/staying-healthy/clostridium-difficile-an-intestinal-infection-on-the-rise (Links to an external site.)
https://gi(dot)org/topics/c-difficile-infection/

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Antibiotics Use and Gut Microflora
Microorganism along the human gastrointestinal system can be perceived as harmful, but this is not always the truth. There some bacteria, which play a critical role in safety the health of the lumen. However, some antibiotics have been known to kill these bacteria; hence, dwindling the mutual benefits theta result from the interaction of bacteria and gut system.
The role of bacteria in the t is poorly understood, but they have been seen to be essential for immune development along the gut. There is a clear pathway of bidirectional communication between bacteria and the mucosal structures resulting in the augmentation and reduction of inflammatory cascades. Besides, it is intriguing to find out that the gut immunological system is unresponsive to its indigenous microflora, while its cellular effect in terms of protection and harm, is yet to be entirely clarified (Canny et al., pp.3360-3373).
Antibiotics are ordinarily taken or prescribed in a bid to kill bacteria. These antibiotics can be classified in various classes, including those called broad-spectrum, medicines, and specific ones. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are discouraged by experts because they tend to kill all the bacteria, including the microflora, in an indiscriminate approach. Both excessive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics is harmful to the liver or other body organs as well as gut microflora. Studies have shown that the intake of antibiotics changes the microflora population details along the gut (Mediplus), and if this occurs in childhood, the risk of obesity is increased in adulthood. Clostridium difficile is one of the gut bacteria that have...
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