This is a final exam. Please do not use any external references and make sure it is written from scratch.
Which era would you describe as the "Golden Age" of women's sport? Compare the activism of women in sport in the interwar years with that of the period since the late 1960s. Be sure to mention ambitions, achievements, shortcoming and social context.
I have attached my lecture notes for reference.

KPER 2170 – FINAL NOTES

MARCH 17, 2020 – ORIGINS OF THE ABORIGINAL SPORT SYSTEM (GUEST LEC. – DR. DAN HENHAWK)

1. What is Dr. Henhawk’s research focus?

• Sport and recreation in aboriginal people

1. What are the 3 important topics of the lecture?

• 1) Overview of the aboriginal sport system


• 2) Reflect on (article reading) Regional amusements and sport development in aboriginal communities


• 3) native sport and recreation program

1. What does the Aboriginal/ Indigenous Sport System in Canada consist of?

• There wasn’t an aboriginal sport system before

                                                              i.      Due to colonialism – now we have a sport system

• Preferred term to use: “Indigenous”


• Comprised of:

                                                              i.      Different sport organizations which are operated by indigenous people across all provinces in Canada

1. What are the 2 things these sport organizations do?

• 1) advocate for sport-related funding federally

                                                              i.      Federally known as: “The Aboriginal Sport Circle”

• 2) provincial organizations – do not deliver programming but rather provide the federally given funding to local organizations

                                                              i.      E.g. softball (not taught by the organization) – instead they partner with softball Manitoba

1. What is the name of the policy document highlighted in the ppt?

• Canadian Heritage – SPORT CANADA’S POLICY ON ABORIGINAL PEOPLES’ PARTICIPATION IN SPORT (May 2005)

1. What did the policy talk about?

• Talked about what is needed in the aboriginal community for aboriginal peoples’ participation in sports at various levels


• Mostly focused on elite competition and ways that aboriginal people’s engagement in that domain can be enhanced


• Most prominent document created, but it was NOT implemented

                                                              i.      Due to lack of federal funding

1. There is collaboration between Sport Canada, Federal Government and Aboriginal Sport system. True or False?

• True

1. What is the North American Indigenous games?

• Links back to provincial organizations

                                                              i.      they organize teams à which they end up sending to the North American Indigenous games

• It is a national sport event – similar to “Canada Games” but specifically for indigenous people to participate in

1. Where was the Indigenous games in 2017?

• Held in Toronto

10.  What does the hashtag (#Team88) mean?

• Related to the “calls to action” which was introduced by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and their final report on residential schools and what we can do about it

11.  What does “Calls to Action” mean?

• It was introduced by the aboriginal people to ask the federal government for recognition of aboriginal athletes in the history of Canada.


• It was in an article published in 2015

                                                              i.      Talked about residential schools impacted the growth of the aboriginal community

                                                            ii.      And suggested potential ways on how aboriginal people can become more integrated into Canadian history

• Basically: the indigenous people “called” on the government to provide answers. They are calling for more support

                                                              i.      E.g. of a call to action:

1. “We call upon all levels of government, in collaboration with Aboriginal peoples, sports hall of fame, and other relevant organizations, to provide public education that tells the national story of Aboriginal athletes in history”

12.  Almost all “calls to action” describe sports and not necessarily recreation or leisure and highlights policies at federal level. True or False?

• True

13.  What different approach did Dr. Henhawk talk about instead of “calls of action”?

• Aboriginal sport organizations can also focus on “land-based” recreation which highlights their culture and legacies of colonization

14.  What question does Dr. Henhawk pose?

• Is the “calls to action” a good method to discover and bring awareness about indigenous sport and recreation and address issues from the federal government standpoint?

15.  Who is the prominent figure in the history of Indigenous games and world indigenous nation games?

• Chief Wilton Littlechild

16.  Both of these games (North American Indigenous and World Indigenous) stem from the same timepoint. True or False?

• True

17.  Which of these games gained more traction? Why?

• North American Indigenous games. Because of federal funding

18.  What model do these games operate on?

• Participatory model > competition model

19.  What does P.L.A.Y. Program mean?

• Program within the “Right to Play” organization implemented in war zones


• Example of “Sport for Development” program


• Promoting Life-skills in Aboriginal Youth


• It is a program that delivers safe, fun and educational programming for aboriginal children and youth


• Program has been designed to:

                                                              i.      Enhance educational outcomes

                                                            ii.      Improve peer-to-peer relationships

                                                          iii.      Increase employability

                                                           iv.      Improve physical and mental health

20.  What is the key take-away of Vick Parashak’s article “Reasonable Amusements”?

• Understanding that colonization process occurred is because of the movement of settlers and colonials forces to gain access and control of indigenous lands in Canada and USA

21.  What were indigenous people seen as by the European settlers?

• “The Other”

22.  What were indigenous cultural practices seen as by the settlers?

• Primitive, pagan, savage

23.  Dominant mindset was to change Indigenous Peoples to fit European notions of civilization and the new burgeoning Canadian society (i.e. education system etc.). True or False?

• True, including economic system and governance and rule of law

24.  Describe “Sports at Canada’s Residential Schools”.

• Indigenous students indoctrinated with Euro-Canadian values


• Sports and games utilized to maintain control and order – structured “play” time to stop students from engaging in informal “Indian” activities


• However – sports and games also provided students opportunities to “escape”, to resist and in some cases maintain their indigeneity


• Competitive sports fostered manliness and thus, by that definition, were appropriate for women

                                                              i.      Women seen as physical & mentally frail and vulnerable

                                                            ii.      Belief that sport participation would interfere with women’s ability to bear children

25.  Describe the “Origins of the Aboriginal Sport System”

• Similarities between Canadian & American contexts


• 1871

                                                              i.      American government policy begins to legislate indigenous cultural and religious activities – e.g. religious freedom denied, dances and ceremonies banned as pagan and immoral

• In CANADA:

                                                              i.      1876 – Canadian Indian Act created

                                                            ii.      1880 – Creation of the Department of Indian Affairs (DIA)

1. Federal politicians begin defining “appropriate” Aboriginal cultural practices


2. E.g. the Potlatch ceremony – banned in 1884


3. E.g. the Sun dance – banned in 1885

                                                          iii.      1867 – Confederation of Canada

1. National lacrosse association


2. Rule IX, Section 6

                                                           iv.      1880 – DIA & Banning of “Indian” players

26.  Many indigenous cultural expressions were viewed as _________ activities. As a result – Indian agents moved to replace such ceremonies with Euro-Canadian versions of recreation.

• Recreational

                                                              i.      This shows the lens that was brought to see indigenous cultures (not in favour)

27.  ______ ________ were created and supported by federal funds well into the 20^th century.

• Sport days

28.  What does Dr. Henhawk’s 6-Nation community look like?

• Horse track – because it was prominent in those days


• Community halls


• Agriculture buildings – to hold agricultural exhibits


• Softball and baseball ground created – predominant activity that were created in the course of history (popular games)

29.  Important take-away of Vicky Paraschak’s article.

• It was the European views that impacted aboriginal sports and dictated the types of sports that indigenous people should engage in

30.  Note the “important acts and dates.”

• 1924 – Indigenous Peoples given right to vote in USA


• 1937 – Proposed ministry of sports in Canada


• 1943 – National Physical Fitness Act


• 1960 – Indigenous Peoples give right to vote in Canada


• 1961 – Fitness and Amateur Sport Act


• 1967/ EXPO 67 – Canadian Centennial


• 1976 – Montreal Summer Olympics

31.  What does NSRP stand for?

• Native Sport and Recreation Program

32.  Describe the events within NSRP in 1970

• Ministry of fitness and amateur sport – released A Proposed Sports Policy for Canadians

                                                              i.      Motivated by fear of the declining Canadian Health and Fitness

                                                            ii.      “devote special attention to the less fortunate regions and classes of people in our country”

33.  Describe the events within NSRP in 1967

• Corky the Floating Barge – travelled the Mackenzie River in NWT – bringing swimming skills to Native People


• National Fitness Council Grant – awarded to Territorial Experimental Ski Training Program – “to assess if the motivation of Native youth generally could be improved through sport activity”

                                                              i.      “pilot social development experiment” – aka Sport for Development

34.  Describe the events of 1968

• DIA continued to provide small per capita grants to Status Indian Bands on a yearly basis – “to enable to develop and conduct programs of their own choice on reserve”

35.  Who was the Minister responsible for Fitness & Amateur Sport?

• John Munro

36.  Describe the events of 1969

• John Munro

                                                              i.      Asked by Harold Cardinal – for funds for an Alberta-based ALL-Indian Junior A Hockey team - $60,000 were given for the season

                                                            ii.      FAS – decided that a broader sport and rec program was needed

1. September 1971 – FAS on behalf on 3 prairie assoc. approached federal Treasury Board – got rejected

                                                          iii.      Approached DIA – granted conditional endorsement

1. DIA wanted intercommunity sport and rec activities

37.  Describe the events of 1970

• Artic Winter Games created – Biennial sports competition

                                                              i.      Created to “provide a stepping-stone to elite competition”

• The Northern Games – traditional Inuit and Dene Games

                                                              i.      Created as a reaction to “Euro-Canadian” bias of the Arctic Winter Games

• Ministry of Fitness and Amateur Sport – released a Proposed Sports Policy for Canadians

38.  Describe the events of 1972

• NSRP created – a funding program


• Joint memorandum presented to federal Cabinet

                                                              i.      Signed by secretary of State, DIA, National Health and Welfare

                                                            ii.      Finalized in September 1972

• Approval for only Status Indian and Inuit initially, but in Dec 1972 – inclusion of Metis, women and “handicapped” as “disadvantaged groups”

39.  There was a notion that Euro-Canadian sports were the sole “natural” form of legitimate PA. True or False?

• True

40.  Why did the Indigenous people not challenge this?

• Because they had lost a lot already due to colonization


• They were also a part of the “Euro-Canadian” sports

                                                              i.      Hockey, fastball, track and field, basketball, boxing, volleyball

41.  Describe the events of 1977

• Concern over the “inappropriate, cultural nature of NSRP activities”


• Objections by government for NSRP

42.  Describe events of 1978

• Minister of State for Fitness & Amateur Sport

                                                              i.      Pro – Assimilation

• Native leaders

                                                              i.      Against – assimilation into “mainstream” because they risk of losing culture, traditions and their reserves

43.  What were the repercussions of comments?

• Prior to comments – Native leaders utilize NSRP to develop all-native sport competitions that were independent of mainstream


• After comments – general increase in Native-only sport competitions

44.  Note “Native Sport and Recreation Program (NSRP)” dates.

• 1961 – Fitness and Amateur Sport Act – acknowledged a federal role in amateur sport


• 1968 – federal government looks at role in elite sport – Task force on Sports for Canadians – appealed to Feds because could generate support for national unity and identity


• 1970 – A policy on Sports for Canadians


• 1971 – Sport Canada established


• 1976 – 1^st Minister of State for Fitness & Amateur Sport: A working Paper


• 1977 – Toward a National Policy on Fitness and Amateur Sport: A working Paper


• 1980 – The Native Sport and Recreation Program is cancelled

45.  Describe the events of 1970s (NSRP to NAIG – NORTH AMERICAN INDIGNEOUS GAMES)

• Establishment of the “all-native” sport system


• Indigenous leaders saw sport as a “vehicle for widespread social development”

                                                              i.      Supported through the Native Sport and Recreation Program

• Alberta based Indian Sports Olympics (INSPOL) Association figured prominently in coordinating provincial championships and multi-sport competitions at the provincial and inter-provincial level.

                                                              i.      Sport competitions included basketball, boxing, baseball, fastball and hockey

                                                            ii.      Founded All-Native Summer Games and Western Canada Native Winter Games

46.  Outline the events between 1976 to 1988.

• 1976 Montreal Olympics

                                                              i.      Cultural Display – 500 participants performing an “Indian dance” – approximately 250 were non-native and the music was entitled La Danse Sauvage

• 1977 World Council of Indigenous Peoples (Kiruna, Sweden)

                                                              i.      NAIG and WIN Games first conceptualized

                                                            ii.      Littlechild envisioned it as an “alternate route to the Olympic Games”

• 1980s

                                                              i.      Demise of the NSRP catalyst for the NAIG.

• 1985

                                                              i.      Indigenous sport leaders establish Western Indians Sports Association (WIN Sports) to replace INSPOL

                                                            ii.      Goal to develop affiliation with National Indian Activities Association (NIAA) in the United States

• 1988

                                                              i.      First NAIG begins to be planned

47.  What things/themes did the lecture focus upon?

• Indigenous Sport System

                                                              i.      Sport development

                                                            ii.      Programs for Sport for development

                                                          iii.      Funding for both through organizations

                                                           iv.      The favoring of Euro-Canadian sports over traditional games

MARCH 24, 2020 – LEC (18a) CIVIL RIGHTS AND PA: SECONDWAVE FEMINISIM

1.  When was the 1^st wave of feminism?

• After the WWI


• Women were given right to vote

1. Describe what happened in the 1^st wave of feminist sports movement

• Wartime mobilization (beginning in 1939) closed facilities to women’s teams


• Post-war reconstruction emphasized household responsibilities


• Many institutions discontinued girls’ and women’s competition


• Manufacturers stopped producing women’s sporting equipment


• WAAF became inactive, disbanded in 1953


• Example of the first wave’s achievements lost to the next generation

1. Feminist sports movement was introduced in the 1920s. True or False?

• True

1. Who played a role in getting women to Olympics and competition?

• Ellis Elliot

1. When were the 1^st Olympic games hosted by Canada?

• 1976 in Montreal

1. The last nation to walk-in in the parade at the Olympics is the host nation. True or False?

• True

                                                              i.      Canada had about 400 athletes who walked behind a 4-time Olympian Abby Hoffman

1. Who was Abby Hoffman?

• A young girl (“A star defenceman”) – 9 years old who played in a hockey league which only consisted of boys – went by the name “Abe Hoffman”


• She was not spotted among the boys, until at registration where they were asked to present their birth certificate

                                                              i.      There were attempts to disqualify the team in 1956

• Went on to becoming and representing Canada – Commonwealth medalist and 4-time Olympian in middle-distance running

                                                              i.      Also, a student at the University of Toronto – “Heart House” sex segregated indoor track

• She symbolizes struggles that a women had to go through because there were no opportunities for girls to play at the highest level

1. What happened during the “social unrest in the 1960s”?

• Student anti-war protests


• African Americans and the struggle for civil rights


• Women’s movement 


• Other liberation movements: First Nations, gay rights

1. What is the 2^nd wave of feminism known as?

• Women’s liberation aka: Women’s lib

10.  What were the issues fought for during the 2^nd wave of feminism?

                                                              i.      Anti-abortion movement, right to take out a bank loan

11.  What did the 2^nd wave feminism have to do with sport?

• Recall the anti-political stance of 1920s/ 30s female sport advocates

                                                              i.      The golden age of female sport advocates had a very broad agenda

                                                            ii.      They didn’t want to be seen as threat but rather as symbolic

12.  What is the significant difference between the 2 eras (1^st wave vs. 2^nd wave) in terms of access of PA and sport participation?

• Many of the female sport leaders of 1960s-70s saw allies in the sport movement took cues and inspiration from Women’s liberation.

13.  What are the differences in Women’s PA between 1^st – and 2^nd wave feminism?

14.  Describe the debate among feminism on the Blainey case

• FOR:

                                                              i.      Liberal feminists

                                                            ii.      Socialist feminists (with further demands)

                                                          iii.      Some radical feminists (with further demands)

                                                           iv.      Marxist feminists

• AGAINST:

                                                              i.      Conservative feminists

                                                            ii.      Some radical feminists

• Recall similar divisions among 1^st wave feminists concerning girls’ – only rules

15.  What are the continuing challenges today?

• Underrepresented in positions of sports LEADERSHIP


• Marginalized in the sports MEDIA


• Pressures to conform to an unhealth BODY IMAGE


• Girl’s and women’s programs more VULNERABLE than boys’ and men’s programs


• Gender equity policies and practices need to address the inequities of CLASS, ETHNICITY and SEXUAL DIVERSITY


• Examples:

                                                              i.      Beach Volleyball uniforms – women’s were to wear bikini which was then fought and changed to shorts  

                                                            ii.      Ski Jumping

16.  What advocacy organizations continue to fight the fight for women’s rights?

• CAAWS-ACAFS – Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women and Sport and PA


• Women’s Sports Foundation – AKA: Canadian Women & Sport

POINT TO REMEMBER: women’s right for PA did not stop after the 1^st wave, it still continues today.

MARCH 24, 2020 – LEC (18b) – THE LIBERATION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND THE BEGINNINGS OF KINESIOLOGY

1.  What is “physical education”?

• Subject in school: “gym class”


• Profession

                                                              i.      Teaching

                                                            ii.      Fitness/ Wellness

                                                          iii.      Sport

1. Technical


2. Administrative

                                                           iv.      Athletic therapy

• Academic discipline

1. What are PE programs?

• Programs geared towards the training of physical educators for the school system


• Emphasis on the moving body (pedagogical)

1. List some of the earliest PE programs

• Toronto – 1940


• Queen’s – 1946


• Western – 1947


• Ottawa – 1949


• Manitoba – 1950: PE courses offered

                                                              i.      1964: BPE degree created

1. Describe the role of PE at the University of Manitoba during 1954-55

• According to the handbook from the Department of PE, Recreation and Athletics, in order to graduate university with any degree one had to pass the physical test/ examination

1. What was the social context of knowledge in the discipline of kinesiology?

• The Cold War and the arms/ space race


• Medicare and the growth of the medical/ industrial complex


• Competition for funds and status within the changing academy


• The shifting political economy of the body


• Government intervention (Fitness and Amateur Sport Act, 1961) and high performance/ Canadian sport system

1. Describe the shift to “kinesiology”

• Kinesiology – combination