PA599 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. Social Sciences Essay

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Student: Instructor: Course: Public Administration Courses PA599Assignment: Proposal for Final Written AssignmentTopic: Drug Abuse in the United States
Project Summary:Drug abuse is one of the thorny issues that has affected many Americans and poses a threat to public health. The drug abuse issue has been declared as an opioid overdose epidemic by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). According to the CDC (2018), over 630,000 individuals in the United States have died of a drug overdose from 1999 to 2016. The drug abuse problem has come in different waves over the years. The first wave occurred in the 1990s, where the number of opioids prescriptions for treating chronic pain increased, resulting in prescription opioids misuse. The second wave occurred in 2010 where many Americans died from a heroin overdose. The third wave occurred in 2013 when a significant increase in overdose resulting from synthetic opioids was recorded (CDC, 2018). Other than leading to death, drug abuse has been associated with other negative outcomes in the United States, as follows (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 2017):• It burdens the healthcare system because drug overdoses have to be treated, as well as treating individuals who have developed drug dependence.• It lowers productivity rates because people with drug dependence fail to meet their major responsibilities, especially at work. This, in turn, affects the overall economy.• It also contributes to crime because when people are under the influence of drugs, they tend to do things they would not do otherwise. 
Given these economic, health, and legal impacts of drug abuse, it is important to develop strategies, especially from a policy angle, to put an end to the issue. Some solutions that the government has come up with include treatment of drug abuse disorder, a solution that is intended to reduce the number of Americans who are dependent on substances. However, the treatment of drug abuse disorder has been slow. As Wu, Zhu, and Swartz (2016) indicates, out of the many Americans with opioid uses disorder, only 19% have sought and received opioid specific treatment. While this is still a viable solution, the slow response and the prevalence of the issue call for more drastic measures. Strategies that are aimed at preventing and mitigating drug abuse are crucial at this time in history. Different states across the United States have created different policies and measures to curb the drug problem over the years. Since the issue seems to be progressing, especially with the recent wave of synthetic opioids, the government needs to adopt a more progressive and stringent approach. 
My main interest is on how the drug abuse problem can be addressed in the United States. As such, my research paper will provide a recommendation on the best policy tool that can be adopted across all states, and especially by the federal government, to curb the issue of drug abuse. 
To determine the best policy tool, I will research the various policy tools that have been employed by different states and then compare their effectiveness in minimizing drug abuse. I will also examine any current policy position papers by specialty organizations, especially those concerned with public health, and determine the recommendations they have provided to decision-makers on how to minimize drug abuse in the country. For my research, I will review relevant articles on the issue as well as government databases that provide information relating to drug abuse and drug abuse policy. ReferencesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). 2018 Annual Surveilance Report of Drug-Related Risks and Outcomes. Retrieved June 9, 2020, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/pubs/2018-cdc-drug-surveillance-report.pdfSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2017, June 29). Trends in Substance Use Disorders among Adults Aged18 or Older. Retrieved June 9, 2020, from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/report_2790/ShortReport-2790.htmlWu, L.-T., Zhu, H., & Swartz, M. (2016). Treatment Utilization among Persons with Opioid Use Disorder in the United States. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 169, 117-127.