Ancient and Medieval Political Theory: Plato and Cicero

Ancient and Medieval Political Theory
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Ancient and Medieval Political Theory
Plato and Cicero were both crucial figures during their respective times. While Plato was a philosopher of note, Cicero held political office as a Roman senator. Due to their prominent positions, both individuals had strong views on virtue ethics and the ideal state. In this paper, the author explores the definitions of virtue, citizenship, and state by Plato and Cicero and how they affected their notions of an ideal form of government.
Plato held the position that a virtuous person seeks to do good (Plato & Jowett, 2007). However, the philosopher also argued that an ethical person does not rid himself of all bad things. Instead, a moral person is also one who practices restraint even when he is not always good (Plato & Emlyn-Jones, 1999). Cicero borrowed heavily from Plato’s virtue ethics. However, he felt that virtuous action was always the best choice (Cicero, 1887). 
As regards citizenship, Plato was of the view that it is inherited. However, it is also inherited based on one’s class in the state. Plato also held that it was the duty of every citizen to vote (Plato & Emlyn-Jones, 1999). Failure to which, he suggested, should result in penalties. Plato also asserted that it was the duty of every citizen to obey the law, defer to the political and social system, and practice internal self-control. Cicero felt that citizens should play a part in determining how they are governed (Cicero, 1887). In essence, the senator advocated for a more liberal and democratic system of government. Although the patricians ruled Rome, individuals such as Cicero felt that the plebs should also have a say in governa...