Structures of Neurons and Brain

Physiological Psychology Essay
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1 What are the basic structures/functions of a neuron? How do neurons communicate?
The structure of neurons varies and includes anaxonic, pseudounipolar, bipolar, and multipolar. The differences between these neuron structures depend on the arrangement and number of dendrites and axons. Neurons are also characterized by extended processers that derive from the soma or cell body. The cell body incorporates different organelles, including the nucleus, which facilitate neuronal function. Dendrites could be single or many and are linked to one neuron based on location and function. Dendrites facilitate independent communication with different neurons and also take part in protein synthesis. Axons normally culminate into a terminal where neurohormones, neuromodulators, and neurotransmitters are freed in electrical to chemical signal conversion, potentially crossing the neuromuscular or synapse junction. Proteins such as dynein and kinesin facilitate axonal transport (Ludwig et al., 2022). Different interrelationships among neurons facilitate impulse transmission to augment diverse roles in the body.
According to Sivadas and Broadie (2020), neurons send and receive information by sharing messages employing an electricity form. The flow of charged particles or ions moving across the cell's exterior membrane creates this type of electricity. The flow of ions potentiates electrical waves along the neuron's length. The electrical signal shifts from one specific neuron to another via transmitters that move across the synapse to create new electrical waves within that cell (Sivadas & Broadie, 2020). Another kind of communication between neurons entails light. This is anchored on the premise that neurons can produce light and could utilize this to share information from one to another. This phenomenon is called ultra-weak photon production or biophotons. Neurons can utilize biophotons to share messages with each other concerning homeostasis and activity (Moro et al., 2022). Sending and receiving information by biophotons moves preferentially along different established brain axon pathways.
2 What are the major structures of the brain? What is the function of each major structure?
Jawabri and Sharma (2022) state that the brain has three major structures or divisions: the cerebellum, brain stem, and cerebrum. The cerebellum has different functions, including controlling voluntary movement coordination, receiving sensory messages from the spinal cord and brain, and fine-tuning motor activity accuracy and precision. The cerebellum also assists in different cognitive roles, such as language, fear memory, response to pleasure, and attention (Maldonado & Alsayouri, 2023).
The cerebrum controls sensory and motor information, behaviors linked to unconsciousness and consciousness, memory, intelligence, and feelings. It contains convolutions and folds on its surface (Maldonado & Alsayouri, 2023). Jawabri and Sharma (2022) state that the cerebrum comprises the right and left hemispheres. The primary function of the right hemisphere is to control spatial thinking or, rather, thinking that relates to establishing meaning in phen...