What is Smuggled, and Why is it Smuggled?

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What is smuggling from a legal perspective? What is smuggled, and why is it smuggled?
Smuggling refers to transporting goods across borders to avoid import/export restrictions or any detection by authorities (Mullins & Wither, 2016). If there is a demand within a country for something that is not allowed, smuggling will be prevalent. Besides, smuggling can include people, cheap labor, and counterfeit goods legally allowed within the country.
Who benefits from smuggling, who is hurt by smuggling, and how?
As smuggling encompasses a criminal act, studies illustrate that reprehensible individuals and organizations benefit the most. Research illustrates that smuggling practices continue to occur because they involve various commodities, individuals bribed to help, employers of smuggled migrants, and consumers who purchase smuggled goods (International Court of Justice, 2016). Additionally, several legitimate business professions thrive on both sides of the illicit and licit world. Some of these professions, including bankers, attorneys, and accountants, help bring a facade of legitimacy to criminal operations. However, not everyone benefits. For example, when counterfeit goods are smuggled in and sold, they help undermine the market for such items and result in lost revenue, leading to lost jobs. Besides, those who become smuggled migrants, either forced or lacking other options, often enter a world of violence and abuse (International Court of Justice, 2016). Accordingly, these organizations often incur debt in which forced labor is used to offset the money spent smuggling them into a country.
Besides smuggling, what other border violations threaten the facilitation of legitimate trade?
Other than smuggling, individuals and companies may try to evade paying money owed on the imported goods themselves, such as money owed on Presidential enactments, to safeguard the rise of such actions. Additionally, they m...