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2 pages/β‰ˆ550 words
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APA
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Health, Medicine, Nursing
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English (U.S.)
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Topic:

The Physiological Progression that Occurs in Anaphylactic Shock

Essay Instructions:

Consider the January 2012 report of a 6-year-old girl who went to her school nurse complaining of hives and shortness of breath. Since the school did not have any medication under her name to use for treatment and was not equipped to handle her condition, she was sent to an emergency room where she was pronounced dead. This situation has raised numerous questions about the progression of allergic reactions, how to treat students with severe allergies, how to treat students who develop allergic reactions for the first time, and the availability of epinephrine in schools. If you were the nurse at the girl's school, how would you have handled the situation? How do you know when it is appropriate to treat patients yourself and when to refer them to emergency care?
To prepare:
-Review “Anaphylactic Shock” in Chapter 23 of the Huether and McCance text, “Distributive Shock” in Chapter 10 of the McPhee and Hammer text, and the Jacobsen and Gratton article in the Learning Resources.
-Identify the multisystem physiologic progression that occurs in anaphylactic shock. Think about how these multisystem events can occur in a very short period of time.
-Consider when you should refer patients to emergency care versus treating as an outpatient.
-Select two patient factors different from the one you selected in this week's first Discussion: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior. Reflect on how the factors you selected might impact the process of anaphylactic shock.
Post by Day 4 an explanation of the physiological progression that occurs in anaphylactic shock. Then, describe the circumstances under which you would refer patients for emergency care versus treating as an outpatient. Finally, explain how the patient factors you selected might impact the process of anaphylactic shock.

Essay Sample Content Preview:
Physiological Progression of Anaphylactic Shock
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Institutional Affiliation
Physiological Progression of Anaphylactic Shock
Anaphylactic shock disorder is an acute allergic reaction that results from the release of Immunoglobulin E mediators secreted by the basophils and mast cells. The immunoglobulin E mediators are made up of substances that are stored in the basophils and mast cells and that are composed of cytokines, histamines, heparin, and tryptase. Furthermore, it can also be caused by synthesized molecules derived from arachidonic acid metabolism such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins (Johnson & Stokes, 2014).
Anaphylactic shock usually arises as a result of reexposure to an antigen making an individual immune system to produce specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody. The antigen to which the antibody reacts upon is called an allergen and the response leads to an allergic reaction. Upon exposure to an allergen, the IgE antibody may bind to the Immunoglobulin E receptor on the basophils and mast cells surfaces.
Subsequent allergen re-exposure may lead to cross-linking of the allergen to the basophil and mast cell bound Immunoglobulin E surface, leading to cellular degradation and de Vivo mediator synthesis (Johnson & Stokes, 2014).Histamine has been noted to the main major source of anaphylactic shock. The majority of the indicators and signs of anaphylaxis are due to the binding of the histamine to its receptors which mediates rhinorrhea, tachycardia, pruritus, and bronchospasm. The symptoms usually begin within fifteen minutes of exposure, and the commonly affected regions are the skin, lower and upper airways, gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular systems. Common symptoms include sneezing, abdominal cramps, dizziness, diarrhea, hypertension, flushing and headaches (Johnson & Stokes, 2014).
Factors that trigger the Disease
Food allergies
Almost any food can result in either nonatopic or atopic allergies. The main regions these food targets are the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, and the skin. The main foods associated with the condition are eggs, milk, fish, soybeans, fish and peanuts. Allergenicity of the food may be altered by cooking or heating (Porth, 2011). Furthermore, medications have also been associated with the disorder. Common drugs include protamine, aspirin, infliximab, omalizumab and neuromuscular blocking agents (Porth, 2011).
The diagnosis of anaphylactic is suspected when symptoms l...
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