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Essay Available:
Pages:
3 pages/≈825 words
Sources:
5 Sources
Style:
APA
Subject:
Health, Medicine, Nursing
Type:
Essay
Language:
English (U.S.)
Document:
MS Word
Date:
Total cost:
$ 14.58
Topic:

Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Processes for Cardiovascular Disorders

Essay Instructions:

Write a 2- to 3+ page paper that addresses the following:
 
Explain how the factor (i.e. genetics, gender, ethnicity, age or behavior) you selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient from the case study you were assigned.
Describe how changes in the processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy. Be specific and provide examples.
Explain how you might improve the patient’s drug therapy plan and explain why you would make these recommended improvements. Would you discontinue any medications, change the dosage, and/or add medications to the patient’s regimen? DISCUSS EACH MEDICATION.
Case study assigned:
LM is an 89-year-old female resident of a long-term care facility who has been experiencing multiple falls, some resulting in injuries such as bruising and skin tears. Over the last 6 months, her ambulation status has declined from independent to wheelchair level. She complains of pain in her legs when walking more than short distances across the nursing unit.
PMH:
HTN
Alzheimer’s disease
Hypothyroidism
Osteoarthritis
Diabetes
MEDICATIONS:
Amlodipine 10 mg QD
Donepezil 10 mg QHS
Levothyroxine 0.88 mg QAM
Celecoxib 200 mg QD
Furosemide 40 mg QAM
Metformin 500mg, 1 BID
Glyburide 5mg, 1 BID
ALLERGIES: NKA
SOCIAL HISTORY:
Widowed with 2 adult children living in town, retired photographer and owner of an art supply store
VITALS: LABS:
Weight: 129 lbs TSH 2.45 Free T4 0.98
Height: 64 inches Na 135, K+ 3.8, Cl 99, CO2 25,
BP: Supine = 177/82 Glucose 101, SCr 0.9, BUN 42
HR: 78 bpm WBC 7.0, RBC 4.5, Hgb 11.9, Hct 34.1
Plt 255
Cr: 1.6 UA: Clear
eGFR: 45 ml/min
PE:
HEENT: Normocephalic, no evidence of trauma, PERRLA, EOMI, Dry mucous membranes
CV: RRR
Respiratory: Clear to auscultation bilaterally
Abdomen: Soft, non-tender, no masses or guarding
G/U: Skin intact, assisted with toileting and personal hygiene by staff
Extremities: Bilateral 2+ edema to lower extremities; skin dry, dark bruising and skin tear to right elbow and forearm
Neuro: Alert and oriented to person only. MMSE 18/30, stable over last 12 months.
PAIN ASSESSMENT:
Faces pain scale: No pain occurs at rest, upon walking, pain is moderate to severe.
Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The College of Nursing Writing Template with Instructions provided at the Walden Writing Center offers an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides(dot)waldenu(dot)edu/writingcenter/templates/general#s-lg-box-20293632). All papers submitted must use this formatting.
Learning Resources
Required Readings (click to expand/reduce)
Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Chapter 33, “Review of Hemodynamics” (pp. 285–289)
Chapter 37, “Diuretics” (pp. 290–296)
Chapter 38, “Drugs Acting on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System” (pp. 297–307)
Chapter 39, “Calcium Channel Blockers” (pp. 308–312)
Chapter 40, “Vasodilators” (pp. 313–317)
Chapter 41, “Drugs for Hypertension” (pp. 316–324)
Chapter 42, “Drugs for Heart Failure” (pp. 325–336)
Chapter 43, “Antidysrhythmic Drugs” (pp. 337–348)
Chapter 44, “Prophylaxis of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Drugs That Help Normalize Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels” (pp. 349–363)
Chapter 45, “Drugs for Angina Pectoris” (pp. 364–371)
Chapter 46, “Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Drugs” (pp. 372–388)
Required Media (click to expand/reduce)
Cardiovascular Disorders
Meet Dr. Norbert Myslinski as he discusses ACE inhibitors, angiotensin inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics as different categories of hypertension drugs. What potential drugs might be best recommended for patients suffering from hypertension? (8m)
Accessible player
Walden University. (n.d.). Instructor feedback. https://cdn-media(dot)waldenu(dot)edu/2dett4d/Walden/WWOW/1001/pulse_check/instructor_feedback/index.html#/
RUBRIC TO THE ASSIGNMENT:
Name: NURS_6521_Week2_Assignment_Rubric
Grid View
List View
Excellent Good Fair Poor
Explain how the factor you selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient from the case study you were assigned.
23 (23%) - 25 (25%)
The response accurately and completely explains in detail how the factor selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient.
20 (20%) - 22 (22%)
The response provides a basic explanation of how the factor selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient.
18 (18%) - 19 (19%)
The response inaccurately or vaguely explains how the factor selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient.
0 (0%) - 17 (17%)
The response inaccurately and vaguely explains how the factor selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient, or is missing.
Describe how changes in the processes might impact the patient's recommended drug therapy. Be specific and provide examples.
27 (27%) - 30 (30%)
The response accurately and completely describes in detail how changes in the processes might impact the patient's recommended drug therapy.
Accurate, complete, and aligned examples are provided to support the response.
24 (24%) - 26 (26%)
The response accurately describes how changes in the processes might impact the patient's recommended drug therapy.
Accurate examples may be provided to support the response.
21 (21%) - 23 (23%)
The response inaccurately or vaguely describes how changes in the processes might impact the patient's recommended drug therapy.
Inaccurate or vague examples are provided to support the response.
0 (0%) - 20 (20%)
The response inaccurately and vaguely describes how changes in the processes might impact the patient's recommended drug therapy, or is missing.
Inaccurate and vague examples may be provided to support the response, or is missing.
Explain how you might improve the patient's drug therapy plan, and explain why you would make these recommended improvements.
27 (27%) - 30 (30%)
The response accurately and clearly explains in detail how to improve the patient's drug therapy plan.
The response includes an accurate and detailed explanation to support the recommended improvements.
24 (24%) - 26 (26%)
The response accurately explains how to improve the patient's drug therapy plan.
The response may include an accurate explanation to support the recommended improvements.
21 (21%) - 23 (23%)
The response inaccurately or vaguely explains how to improve the patient's drug therapy plan.
The response may include an inaccurate, vague, or misaligned explanation to support the recommended improvements.
0 (0%) - 20 (20%)
The response inaccurately and vaguely explains how to improve the patient's drug therapy plan, or is missing.
The response may include an inaccurate and vague explanation to support the recommended improvements, or is missing.
Written Expression and Formatting - Paragraph Development and Organization:
Paragraphs make clear points that support well developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused--neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance.
5 (5%) - 5 (5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity.
4 (4%) - 4 (4%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time.
3.5 (3.5%) - 3.5 (3.5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time.
0 (0%) - 3 (3%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity less than 60% of the time.
Written Expression and Formatting - English writing standards:
Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation
5 (5%) - 5 (5%)
Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors
4 (4%) - 4 (4%)
Contains a few (1–2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors
3.5 (3.5%) - 3.5 (3.5%)
Contains several (3–4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors
0 (0%) - 3 (3%)
Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding
Written Expression and Formatting - The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running head, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.
5 (5%) - 5 (5%)
Uses correct APA format with no errors
4 (4%) - 4 (4%)
Contains a few (1–2) APA format errors
3.5 (3.5%) - 3.5 (3.5%)
Contains several (3–4) APA format errors
0 (0%) - 3 (3%)
Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors
Total Points: 100
To Prepare
Review the Resources for this module and consider the impact of potential pharmacotherapeutics for cardiovascular disorders introduced in the media piece.
Review the case study assigned by your Instructor for this Assignment.
Select one the following factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior factors.
Reflect on how the factor you selected might influence the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.
Consider how changes in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy.
Think about how you might improve the patient’s drug therapy plan based on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes. Reflect on whether you would modify the current drug treatment or provide an alternative treatment option for the patient.

Essay Sample Content Preview:

Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course number and course name
Instructor’s name
Date
Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders
The relationship between drugs and a patient’s body is well understood through pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The former refers to examining what the body does to the drugs through metabolism, distribution, excretion, or absorption, while pharmacodynamics entails reactions or impacts of medication on the body. Individual factors are carefully considered during drug selection and diagnosis as they can influence pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics processes (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2022). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics form the bulk of what essentially is drug usage and its effectiveness on the body. The focus of this paper is to determine an influencing factor in a patient’s case study, determine changes that might occur in drug therapy, and make improvements.
A Factor Influence the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Processes
In the selected case study, the patient is aged 89 years and placed in a long-term care facility. She is clearly in a very delicate situation given her age. She experiences multiple falls, which can be attributed to numerous risk factors like medications and impairments. In this case, age is a notable critical factor that influences the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. The latter tend to affect pharmacodynamic response by alterations in receptor binding and post-receptor sensitivity (Prantil-Baun et al., 2018). Moreover, the half-life of drugs differs certainly, especially medication that needs metabolism and excretion can be long in elderly patients. Physiological changes with age affect different aspects of pharmacokinetics.
Typically, aging is linked to numerous body changes, including organs, which cause changes in how medication works over the long term. Changes in swallowing, motor, and cognitive functions affect adequate intake and medication administration. Older patients are the primary consumer of many drugs and can use more than five different types of medications for an extended period (van den Anker et al., 2018). As noted in the case study, the female patient has seven types of drugs and was diagnosed with more than three health conditions. This raises quite a complex and highly delicate situation when it comes to the appropriateness and accuracy in drugs administered.
Impacts on Patient’s Recommended Drug Therapy
Age impact pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in older patients, and compromised heart function, liver, or kidney result in decreased drug elimination. A reduction in metabolic rate due to age factors alters drug therapy by prolonging half-live of medications and duration of actions. A major pharmacokinetic change linked with aging is reduced renal elimination of medications (Drenth‐van Maanen et al., 2020). As one ages, the speed at which the body organs clean up themselves usually goes down signifi...
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