Functions of Calcium and Magnesium

Pathophysiology
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Pathophysiology
Magnesium and calcium are essential minerals in the human body. They facilitate muscle energy production, bone density, regulate electrolyte balance, and enhances enzyme-driven biochemical reactions. For this reason, high levels of calcium lead to hypercalcemia, and low levels cause hypocalcemia. In addition, high levels of magnesium result in hypermagnesemia, while low levels lead to hypomagnesemia.
The clinical manifestations of hypercalcemia include fatigue, vomiting and nausea, frequent urination, excessive thirst, headaches, difficulty thinking, and depression (Abdalla, Bachuwa, & Al Hadidi, 2017). The primary pathologic implications of this health condition are kidney stones, poor bone health, and abnormal brain and heart function. Moreover, the clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia are seizures, tingling or numbness of feet and hands, facial twitching, muscle cramps, slow heartbeat, lightheadedness, and muscle weaknesses (Dave, Chiang, Booth, & Mount, 2015). The pathologic effects of hypocalcemia are poor bone health, tetany, and difficulty breathing. Some of the causes of this disease include low-calcium intake, hormonal changes, and medications that decrease the absorption of this mineral.
The clinical manifestations of hypomagnesemia are loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, seizures, numbness, tingling, personality changes, muscle cramps, and abnormal heart rhythms. The pathologic effects of this disease include breathing difficulties, body weaknesses, poor bone health,...