Culture, Behavior and Global Health in the Avian Virus Infection

Culture, Behavior and Global Health
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Culture, Behavior and Global Health in the Context of Avian Virus Infection
Overview of the Affected Population
The avian influenza virus is one of the highly infectious pathogens and its potential threat to global health. The virus has infected various populations across the globe. The World Health Organization data show was first reported in Vietnam in 2003, but outbreaks have emerged in 15 countries in Asia, Middle East, Europe, and Africa. Specific examples of affected populations that have reported avian influenza infection among humans include China, Iraq, Egypt, and Pakistan, among others. Poultry and birds are the primary incubators for the novel avian virus influence. Thus, the poultry farmers are at higher risk of getting infected. Most cases of the infected persons have shown prior contact history with birds, and studies have shown that mild avian virus infection is more often prevalent in poultry workers (Quan et al., 2019). H9N2 viruses are hyperendemic in countries and have significant poultry farming (James, Sealy & Iqbal 2019).
Description of Avian Virus Infection
The avian virus is influenza a virus and is a negative-sense RNA genome encoding ten core proteins and it belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family (James, Sealy & Iqbal 2019). It is marked by surface proteins, i.e. haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), which gives rise to a number of its strains. The known natural host include waterfowl and seabirds, which can facilitate a sporadic spread from wild birth to domestic poultry, hence, bringing closer to human beings (James, Sealy & Iqbal 2019). They form a cycle of infection but seem to die naturally or controlled by vaccines. Some strains of avian virus become well adapted to poultry such that they tend to survive endemically.
The live birth markets have featured prominently in having high rates of avian viruses. Thus, live bird markets are considered one of the significant pathways of avian virus transmission. The H9N2 viruses often show low pathogenicity levels in experiments, but they tend to depict mortality to high morbidity and mortality during actual infections. The cases which are characterized by high mortalities do often have confounding factors like an existing viral or bacterial infection, poor nutrition and inadequate housing. Besides, some avian virus strains exhibit higher morbidity and mortality in-vivo studies (James, Sealy & Iqbal 2019).
There are four widely accepted avian virus transmission roots: fecal-oral, droplet, aerosol and direct contact. Successful transmission can only occur where adequate viral numbers are deposited on the targeted tissue. The transfer is determined by diverse factors, including the host and environmental circum...