Common Alterations in Urinary Functioning

Urinary Disorders
Student's Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date

Kidney Stones
Kidney stones are solid crystals that develop in the kidney from minerals in the urine. The formation of the stones starts when crystals form in highly concentrated urine. The crystals then adhere to urothelium creating nidus for gradual stone growth. Most calcium oxalate stones grow on Randall’s plaques, mainly made of calcium phosphate crystals. These crystals grow to erode urothelium and lead to the formation of a nucleus for calcium oxalate deposition. Urothelial injury and repair after a stone episode increase the surface expression and encourage further crystal alignment in the kidney. To control the formation of kidney stones involves identifying and alleviating the risk factors that enhance the formation of these crystals. Kidney stone...