Exceptional Children: Childrearing Beliefs and Practices

Exceptional Children
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Exceptional Children
Part 1: Definition of Terms
Curriculum
It is a combination of learning experiences, instructional practices, and performance assessments that teachers use to gauge student understanding of the various subjects.
For example, Every school is required to develop a curriculum that meets the needs of the students.
Discrete Trial Training (DTT)
It is defined as training that incorporates an essential process to teach children new behavior or skill. The process is often repeated several times until the child learns that behavior. Clayton and Headley (2019) state that DTT is a training that teaches children new behaviors like sign language, tacting, and speech. For instance, a teacher can say to a student, "Pick up your bag from the floor." The teacher will repeat this instruction several times and can follow it up by pointing at the bag.
Pivotal Response Training
It is a method that uses scientific principles outlined in applied behavior analysis to teach students, especially those suffering from autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Pivotal Response Training (PRT) focuses on self-management, motivation, self-initiations, and responding to various cues. Example: A child can be given a placard and asked to raise the one with a particular symbol or color.
Positive Behavior Support
It is a process to comprehend and resolve an individual's behavior based on their values. It looks at a holistic approach to all the factors that impact a child. It evaluates problem behaviors such as social withdrawal, destruction of property, tantrums, and aggression.
Positive Reinforcement
It entails introducing a desirable stimulus after a specific behavior, reinforcing the behavior making it more likely to happen again. For instance, if a child completes a task successfully, their reward can be clapping and cheering from the other students or the teacher.
Motivating students is a positive reinforcement that plays an essential role in a child's psychology (Sumiati et al.,2019). It influences how they live, their attitude, and their learning behavior.
Antecedent
It refers to something that precedes or comes before something else. For instance: During break time, it began to rain, and soon after, there was lightning that scared the children. In this sentence, the antecedent is the rain as it came before the lightning.
Consequence
It refers to the outcome or result of something happening. For example, the student's hospitalization as a consequence of the teacher's erratic behavior.
Contingencies
It is a probability of an adverse event happening in the future that is hard to know in advance. An example of a contingency is the unexpected need for medicine for a sick child.
Time-Away
It is used in the classroom as a preventative mechanism that enhances self-regulation. For example, students can walk to a certain corner and have time away from doing their homework instead of engaging in disruptive behavior.
Punishment
It is defined as an imposition of an unpleasant outcome as a deterrent to a behavior that is unacceptable. Example: The teacher asked Tony for a t...