Essentials of Psychology: Parenting Styles and James-Lange's Theory of Emotion

Essentials of Psychology
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Essentials of Psychology
Part A
Parenting falls into four main styles, and each style significantly impacts children. Authoritarian parenting is a strict, rules-oriented style that involves one-way communication, limited flexibility, and no room for mistakes (Sanvictores & Mendez, 2022). A parent who uses punishment and strict rules is authoritarian. Children of authoritarian parents have low self-esteem, higher levels of aggression, and a strong ability to follow instructions. In contrast, permissive parenting involves limited rules and open communication (Sanvictores & Mendez, 2022). A parent using rewards/bribes to influence the child’s behavior is permissive. Children of permissive parents lack self-regulation and discipline, are impulsive, and have decent social skills.
Uninvolved parenting involves neglect and detachment from the child’s life (Sanvictores & Mendez, 2022). A parent who leaves her children unattended is uninvolved, causing the children to be self-sufficient and unable to nurture social relationships. Authoritative parenting involves clear structure and guidelines, appropriate levels of communication and expectations, and a nurturing relationship (Sanvictores & Mendez, 2022). Children of such parents have high self-esteem, self-regulation, and better social outcomes. Parents can use temperament to decide on effective parenting styles that help the child be more expressive.
Part B
1 James-Lange theory of emotion posits that bodily changes are the basis of emotions (Nevid, 2022). That is, bodily changes precede and influence emotions. For example, smiling causes someone to feel happy.
2 The dependent variable would be reading-content retention, and the independent variable would be the background-noise levels. The background-noise levels are the cause, while the reading-content retention is the effect. The former predicts the latter.
3 Rohypnol is a tranquilizer that is used as a sedative in some countries. It is referred to as a rape drug because it is sometimes slipped into a...