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An Introduction to the African-American Family

Coursework Instructions:

Incorporating the who, what, where, when, how, and why questions, the textbook, and readings complete Part 1 and Part II. For both sections, please use Times New Roman 12 pt. Font; DoubleSpaced; Clearly Highlight Question Numbers for all sections of the Exam. PART I: In five to six (5 to 6) complete sentences for each paragraph, write two (2) wellorganized and thoughtful paragraphs with supportive examples from the readings: CHOOSE 1
1. According to Childs and Killick, the procedure to transform ore into metal and eventually into an object through fire control was thought to be very dangerous; therefore, any interruption by family members both dead and alive was to be prevented. In addition to discussing where traditional smelting operations developed in Africa, explain how gender and age, the social relations between elders and youth, provided a framework in the production of iron. Also discuss how the relationship between human gestations appeared as a model for smelting, and give one reasons why iron-smelting operations succeeded or failed.
2. According to Childs and Killick, after a metal is “won from ore” in the African family setting that metal is given social roles. For examples, African metals are recognized for their agricultural production; warfare; trade; currency; or wealth. Additionally, metals play a role in the African family, and are related to rites of passage. Explain three concrete ways in which certain metal jewelry was represented in naming ceremonies, marriage, and investiture ceremonies.
PART II: For this section, please use Times New Roman 12 pt. Font; Double-Spaced; Clearly Highlight Question Numbers for all sections of the Exam. In five to six (5 to 6) complete sentences for each paragraph, write three (3) well-organized and thoughtful paragraphs with supportive examples from the readings: COMPLETE BOTH QUESTIONS
1. Chapter 1 of Donna Franklin’s Ensuring Inequality: The Structural Transformation of the African-American Family, offers historical context to understand what impact slavery had on the African American Family. To accomplish this, Franklin introduces a number of scholar’s major ideas such as W.E.B DuBois and Melville Herskovits. According to both DuBois and Herskovits, the “African experience” or the “polygynous West African societies” guided the African American family. Later in The Negro American Family, as discussed in Franklin, DuBois would take his research in another direction moving away from emphasizing relationships between African heritages as a guide for the African American family. First, using Donna Franklin explain how the writings of DuBois and Herskovits encouraged further research into links between African societies and blacks in the United States. Next, using Donna Franklin’s historical summary of DuBois’s The Negro American Family explain the connections that DuBois discovered between slavery and the social conditions among African Americans. As you prepare and write your essay consider; how DuBois explains the “disorganization he found among the poorest black families.”
2. Chapter 2 of Donna Franklin’s Ensuring Inequality: The Structural Transformation of the African-American Family, examines the relationship between sharecropping and the African American family with regards to patriarchal values and migration patterns. In the decades following the Civil War, explain what encouraged the endorsement of patriarchal values in the African American community. For example, how did political changes force new distinctions between gender roles; and what role did the black church play in “blessing” males as the family authority?
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The African-American Family
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The African-American Family
Part I
According to Childs and Killick, the procedure to transform ore into metal and eventually into an object through fire control was thought to be very dangerous; therefore, any interruption by family members, both dead and alive, was prevented. In addition to discussing where traditional smelting operations developed in Africa, explain how gender and age, the social relations between elders and youth, provided a framework for iron production. Also, discuss how the relationship between human gestations appeared as a model for smelting, and give one reason why iron-smelting operations succeeded or failed
The processes of metal transformation in the early African society was a carefully structured procedure, complete with indigenous and social orders and beliefs. Based on the danger the players faced, the process had clear positions as to who could participate in what activity. The roles were shared not only among the living but also among the ancestors. The procedure was characterized by witchcraft and roles controlled by strict adherence to marital relations. The earliest place where metal was smelted in Sub-Saharan Africa was Nubia from 400BC (Childs & Killick, 1993). The metals they worked on included copper, bronze, silver, and gold. Smelting sites were excavated at the Akjoujt, Mauritania. Areas like Nigeria, Niger, Tanzania, and Rwanda have also been linked to iron smelting. Smelting might have had multiple introducers to the game because the Arabian people might have set foot there in Ethiopia.
Technological and social behavior in any society is geared towards imposing order and smooth flow of activities. The technological process of smelting was also controlled by a specific model and code of conduct. The smelting process was highly linked and integrated into the daily lives of human beings. Age and gender were highly regarded as factors to influence the process. Men were considered full-time producers, whereas women seasonally had their time of productivity. The smelting process was likened to giving birth. For example, the Phoka people of Malawi described the furnace as a fertile woman when building and called it “Wife”. Once they began smelting, they modeled the furnace with breasts and indicated her readiness to produce (Childs & Killick, 1993). Certain practices such as sexual intercourse after beginning the smelting process were discouraged as it deeply offended the ancestors and would cause a miscarriage, symbolized by poor production when smelting. The age symbolized the amount of knowledge possessed, and the roles were shared accordingly, with the older people having the technological knowledge. In comparison, the younger people had the energy to do the work. And thus, everyone played their part to maximize productivity. The ancestors, through rituals, assure success or failure and thus were consulted. 
Part II
1 How the writings of DuBois and Herskovits encouraged further research into links between African societies and blacks in the United States.
The Black Americans’ families and society were ...
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