History and Political Geography in China

History and Political Geography in China
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Background
China is one of the oldest civilizations in the world. More than 3,000 years ago, the first dynasties of kings and emperors emerged, and there were fights among the emperors and alliances to rule over China. For centuries, the Chinese emperors extended their rule in Asia and even reached Europe via the Silk Road. To defend themselves against the invasions by other peoples, the Chinese built the Great Wall of China. Various dynasties expanded the Chinese empire into a territory with a diverse culture, customs, and traditions. Chinese writing was invented and is pictograms and symbols, which provide aspects of ancient Chinese culture. Chinese dynasties, empires, the Chinese civil war, communism, and the One Belt One Road initiative are some of the monumental periods in Chinese history.
Background on Geography
The Chinese Empire in East Asia largely bordered modern-day China bordering the western shore of the Pacific Ocean and is the largest nation in Asia (Hartmann & Ye, 2014). China shares land borders with 14 nations and is separated from some countries by mountainous regions, deserts, and seas. Tibet in western China is a highly mountainous region, as is the Himalayas (Hartmann & Ye, 2014). The North China Plain (Huabei Pingyuan) in eastern China is the largest flatland lowland in China and the world (Hartmann & Ye, 2014). China's three major rivers are the Yellow River, Yangtze River, and the West River (Veeck et al., 2011).
Dynasties up to the Qing or Manchu (1644 to 1911/12)
The civilization of ancient China dates back thousands of years where there were different dynasties and expansion of the empire towards Central Asia. Chinese society has progressed through primitive society, slave society, feudal society, semi-feudal and communist society, while the dynastic period shaped the country's place in the world. There was a succession of various emperors and dynasties such as Xia, Zhou, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. The rise and fall of the great Chinese dynasties have greatly influenced Chinese history in Asia. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949, China adopted communism. 
Xia Dynasty (c. 2070-1600 BC) was the first major dynasty, but little is known about the emperor and administration system, unlike the subsequent dynasties up to the Qing dynasty. The Ming dynasty (1368-1644) was the second to the last of the great Chinese dynasties. The Ming dynasty finished the Great Wall and built the Forbidden City Place in 1420, and this was a huge palace for the emperor. The dynasty was established after overthrowing the Mongol government established under the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) (Chao-Fong, 2020). The Mongols had defeated the Song dynasty (960-1279) during a long war period when the Mongols were under Kublai Khan (Chao-Fong, 2020). Finally, the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912), the last imperial dynasty, marked the end of the emperors and changes in the country's political landscape (Chao-Fong, 2020).
Background on the Communist Revolution
The revolutionary process responsible for bringing the Communists to power in China took place over a long period of political upheava...