Evidentialism, Genuine Option, and General Epistemic Principle

1. In “The Ethics of Belief,” Clifford argues for a view called Evidentialism. What is Evidentialism? Limit your answer to one sentence. (2 points)
2. Explain one potential objection to Evidentialism. No more than four sentences. (3 points)
3. In “The Will to Believe,” William James introduces the notion of a “genuine option.” What does James mean by a ‘genuine option’? (3 points)
4. James claims that religious belief is a genuine option. Why? No more than five sentences. (5 points)
5. Consider the following case: Jones and Smith are both applying for the same job, and Smith has ten coins in his pocket; Jones is justified in believing that Smith will get the job and that he has ten coins in his pocket; Jones infers that ‘the man who will get the job has ten coins in his pocket.’ According to Gettier, Jones is justified in believing that ‘the man who will get the job has ten coins in his pocket.’ Why? No more than two sentences. (3 points)
6. Consider the following definition of knowledge: S knows that P if and only if (a) S believes P, (b) P is true, (c) S is justified in believing P, and (d) S does not infer P from a false premise. Construct a case which shows that this definition does not provide sufficient conditions for knowledge. No more than five sentences. (5 points)
7. An argument for external world skepticism will take the form of just two premises and a conclusion. The first premise might look something like this:
1) If you know that coffee contains caffeine, then you can know that the evil demon hypothesis is false.
Complete the argument. (2 points)
8. What general epistemic principle is premise (1) from above an instance of? One sentence. (2 points)