Panic Disorder: Etiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Interventions

Case Study Discussion
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The 30-year-old female patient visited the hospital's emergency unit for clinical manifestations of a possible heart attack. However, extensive check-ups turned negative for heart or physiologic problems. The physician prescribed Ativan 0.5 mg orally twice every day to manage anxiety. The patient is potentially diagnosed with panic disorder and is referred to me for constant follow-up. This paper discusses the etiology and clinical manifestations of panic disorder, indicates the abnormal neurotransmitter(s) in this disease, how to approach the patient to make the illness diagnosis, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for the patient.
1 Discuss the etiology of this disorder.
Panic disorder etiology is explained via the model, indicating the possible role of chemical disequilibrium as a primary factor and abnormalities related to cortisol, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and serotonin. Environmental and genetic factors also play a crucial role in panic disorder pathogenesis. Adverse childhood experiences may also contribute to the disorder in adulthood. Neural circuitry could also play a significant role in developing panic disorder due to hyper-excitable areas within an individual's brain, thus increasing the chances of developing the condition (Cackovic et al., 2022). The patient also takes Ativan 0.5 mg, prescribed for severe anxiety. Generalized anxiety disorder (GED) is a psychological health disorder that generates worry, fear, and feeling overwhelmed (Munir & Takov, 2022).
2 List clinical manifestations of Panic Disorder.
The clinical manifestations of panic disorder include several occasions of dyspnea, chest pain, or palpitations. Other well-established symptoms may include tremors, diaphoresis, nausea, depersonalization feelings, chills, paresthesia, and a choking sensation (Cackovic et al., 2022).
3 Which neurotransmitter(s) are abnormal in this condition?
Fundamental roles of acquisition of anxiety and panic disorder, their etiology, and clinical symptomatology entail certain neural circuits within the anterior ventromedial cortex, hippocampal formation, dorsolateral prefrontal cingulate cortex, and amygdala. The most crucial factor in the development of panic disorder is an inhibitory neurotransmitter called g-amino buty...