Unit Review

Unit Review
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(15, November, 2010)
Unit Review
The paper is a unit review of "Shriver 2010 Biological Anthropology Core Class Lectures". The main themes and ideas in the article include; what good is genetics to an anthropologist, genetics, genetics and genomics, the geographic and genomic distributions of genetic variability, measuring and mapping normal variation; skin color and facial features genetics and new data and methods.
Genetics is important to anthropologists as it help them comprehend various aspects of evolution as well as human biology, establish prehistoric migration patterns, identifying genes that impact on certain traits, approximate how closely related genetic is to fossil DNA and sequencing extinct species of human race. It is also used in archaeology through analysis of fossil DNA, better analysis of bioarchaeological trait data among others.
Genome constitutes DNA, genes, forensic evidence, evolutionary record, genetic markers and chromosomes. Genetic is the study of inheritance and constitute population, developmental, molecular, genomics as well as evolutionary genetics.
DNA is made up of four bases which are A, T, C and G. A pairs with T while C pairs with G. Similarly purines A and G and pyrimidines C and T. Chemical synthesis, replication of life and divergence and evolution are DNA replication. DsDNA stability is influenced by sequence, temperature as well as other buffer compositions. DNA usually melts and renatures, it follows this; dsDNA-ssDNA-dsDNA. It is worth remembering that ssDNA renaturatuion depends on time, complexity and concentration. Complexity of the genome is measured by the Cot. Genomic sequence is separated by centrifugation by density (GC/AT).
Retrotransposition consist of transposable elements that include transcription, reverse transcription and integration. Three broad categories of genes include protein-coding genes (DNA-RNA-Protein), regulatory genes usually untranscribed (matrix attachment, replicators, segregators and telomeres recombinators) and RNA-specifying genes usually untranslated (DNA-RNA, tRNA, rRNA, siRNA and miRNA). Additionally, eukaryotic and prokaryotic protein-coding genes have some dissimilarity.
The various types of DNA mutation transition, transversion, inversion, deletion and insertion. Silent, nonsense and missense are the three types of mutations. Some of mutation affects DNA length more than other type. STRs are responsible for polymorphism. Single nucleotide polymorphisms are more prevalent and can be analyzed in large numbers. Allele sharing distance, partitioning genetic variation into within and between population using FST and principle analysis using 8525 autosomal SNP are model used to compare individuals.
Additionally, genome is not singular as some areas have undergone more evolution as compared to others. Two statistical formulas are paramount in genetics in establishing genome sequence; Ha...