The Analects by Confucious

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On the Analects
The Analects, or Lun Yu is an influential compilation of ethical and moral teachings as enunciated by Confucius (K’ung Fu-Tzu), one of the most popular Chinese philosophers who lived between 552 BC and 479 BC. The English version of this book was later translated by Legge James and the text emphasizes the need for individuals to adhere to their traditions and acceptable human behaviors which are defined by virtues instead of laws. Following the death of Confucius in 479 BC, his students compiled the teachings in form of dialogues that they had with their master. This collection became influential in defining the cultural, educational, and social systems in China and around the world. Confucius ‘teachings have had a great influence on societies not only in China and Asian countries but also globally. Confucianism school of thought is complex and broad and applies to philosophy, education, morality, ethics, and psychology. Throughout the text, the theme of benevolence is depicted. In modern societies, benevolence is expressed through loving one another and requires generosity. According to Confucius benevolence, a theme that predominates throughout the “Analects” text, is invaluable to virtue and requires individuals to do what they would expect from others. Appearing over a hundred times in the book “Analects” this paper argues that benevolence is the predominating theme in the text, reflecting Confucius's intention for humans to embrace this virtue.
Benevolence is one of the leading principles that guide several aspects of morality and ethics. The five virtues as identified by Confucius include benevolence or ren, courtesy, righteousness, trust, and wisdom. Benevolence can be understood in terms of righteousness or adequately dealing with issues, courtesy or following normal requirements of interpersonal relationship, wisdom or distinguishing between good and bad, and trust or honesty (Nawrot 10). In terms of Confucianism, benevolence refers to the rules that govern self-consciousness, subjectivity, and self-discipline and demonstrates self-mastery of an individual’s moral life regardless of external factors. Confucianism holds benevolence as its principle value and is critical in guiding civilizations and formulation of global ethics (Qiyong and Tao 20). The values in Confucian benevolence are comparable to Christian values of the charity. The values such as magnanimity or the view of putting oneself in the life of another person and the Confucian way of expressing favor and love to others play a critical role in forming a strong bond and relationships between humans and nature, an individual and oneself, a person and other people, and people and societies. The idea of “differentiated love” as depicted from Confucianism is critical in practice and can be extended to eco-ethics and universal love.
Since Confucius’ death, benevolence has been the guiding principle for many Chinese diplomats and government officials. In the 21st century, leaders in Asian countries such as China and other nations have always referred to Confucius’ principles in formulating policies (Liang 20...