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Essay Available:
Pages:
14 pages/β‰ˆ3850 words
Sources:
7 Sources
Style:
Chicago
Subject:
History
Type:
Research Paper
Language:
English (U.S.)
Document:
MS Word
Date:
Total cost:
$ 68.04
Topic:

Exchange of Flora and Fauna in the Old World and New World

Research Paper Instructions:

RESEARCH PROJECT ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS
OVERVIEW
The Research Project is a primary source-based research paper that examines a topic or issue within the boundaries of the course content. (See the Research Project Topics document for a listing of potential topics.) This paper must be thoroughly researched and documented and must also be a work of analysis, not a description. This paper will serve as an important step in your graduate school career, as you begin your own original research, gather both primary and secondary sources relating to your topic, and construct your own arguments based on your research.
INSTRUCTIONS
• Topic: The topic must be related to the course material and approved by the instructor in advance. You will submit a research proposal earlier in the course that must be approved by the instructor. No final paper will be graded unless a research proposal has been submitted and approved by the instructor. You may either select a topic from the list provided in Canvas or you may suggest a topic of your own.
• Length: The length of the paper must be 12–15 pages of text. The page count does not include the footnotes or bibliography.
• Sources: There must be an adequate number of sources, both primary and secondary; the sources must be used to defend the thesis of the paper. Good sources are the basis for good research. As a rule of thumb, a research paper of this length would likely have 5-7 primary sources and 20 secondary sources (books and scholarly journal articles).
• Current Turabian-styled footnotes must be followed.
• Bibliography must be in current Turabian format. Follow the latest edition of Turabian.
• The essay must include a title page (again, follow current Turabian format). This will include: name, date, course name, and title of paper.
• Margins must be set at 1 inch.
• Page numbers must be included.
• Text should be double-spaced and written in 12-point, Times New Roman font.
• Failure to follow these guidelines will result in point deductions from the final grade.
Library
If you need assistance in locating any of the above-listed sources, please use the Jerry Falwell
Library link located under Resources top right Canvas menu.
As you write, keep the following in mind, courtesy of William Safire.
William Safire's Rules for Writers:
• Remember to never split an infinitive.
• The passive voice should never be used.
• Do not put statements in the negative form.
HIWD 560
• Verbs have to agree with their subjects.
• Proofread carefully to see if you words out.
• If you re-read your work, you can find that rereading a great deal of repetition can be by rereading and editing.
• A writer must not shift your point of view.
• And don't start a sentence with a conjunction (Remember, too, a preposition is a terrible word to end a sentence with).
• Don't overuse exclamation marks!!
• Place pronouns as close as possible, especially in long sentences, as of 10 or more words, to their antecedents.
• Writing carefully, dangling participles must be avoided.
• If any word is improper at the end of a sentence, a linking verb is.
• Take the bull by the hand and avoid mixing metaphors.
• Avoid trendy locutions that sound flaky.
• Everyone should be careful to use a singular pronoun with singular nouns in their writing.
• Always pick on the correct idiom.
• The adverb always follows the verb.
• Last but not least, avoid clichés like the plague; seek viable alternatives.

Research Paper Sample Content Preview:

EXCHANGE OF FLORA AND FAUNA IN THE OLD AND NEW WORLD
Student’s Name
Class
Date
Exchange of Flora and Fauna in the Old and New World
The Columbian interaction is one of the defining moments in humanity's civilization. Alfred Crosby, the historian who invented the term Columbian exchange, intended to describe the massive transfer of life, i.e., fauna and flora, between the old world (Afro-Eurasian continents, including Africa, Europe, and Asia) and the new world (America) following Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage to the Americas. The Columbian exchange is primarily associated with the subsequent White colonization/imperialism and business efforts in the American continent, which involved the extensive bidirectional exchange of numerous plant, animal, and microbe species between Afro-Eurasian continents (the old world) and the Americas or new world. Notably, the subsequent development of Triangular trade between 1492 and 1750 C.E. brought in new species of plants and animals, significantly influencing people's way of life in both regions. The Columbian exchange significantly contributed to global agricultural and industrial revolutions.. Besides, exchanging plants and animals disrupted food consumption and production patterns worldwide.. However, the transfers also involved human population groups and cultures and pathogens, insects, and microbes, leading to major demographic shifts in both continents2. In sum, the transfer of various plant and animal species between the old and new worlds led to agricultural and industrial revolutions, economic transformations, demographic shifts, and ripples in food production and consumption, and improved the Europeans' imperialization efforts.[Crosby, Alfred W. "Reassessing 1492." American Quarterly 41, no. 4 (1989): 661-669.] [Mann, Charles C. 1491: New revelations of the Americas before Columbus. Alfred a Knopf Incorporated, 2005.] [Cusack, Igor. "Ripples from the Columbian Exchange?" (2020).]
The Transfer of New World Food Crops to the Old World and their Impacts
The old world benefited from the massive movement of crops during the Columbian exchange period. The enormous exchange that accompanied the European maritime expansion during the 15th to 19th centuries significantly contributed to Europe's agricultural and industrial revolution and the Americas2. Notably, the Columbian exchange led to the interchange of staple food crops between the old world and the new world across the Pacific. The trade consequently triggered agricultural, industrial, and population explosions in both continents during the past two centuries1. Besides, the Columbian exchange led to the expansion of the world supply of agricultural foods and products by introducing previously unknown food crop varieties to the old world, including tubers like potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, and maize, resulting in significant caloric and nutritional improvements1. These new world staples have been consequently adopted in most new world countries since the old world climate favors them contrary to the unsuitability of cultivation of old world staples.. The American crops, including maize, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and cassava, enabled the new world farmers to produce significant food harvest...
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