Hierarchy of four earliest civilizations. History Research Paper

Ancient Civilization
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 Ancient Civilization
Human beings evolve and so does the way of living. In the contemporary world, every economic, cultural, or social activity is a manifestation of the ancient civilization. In the ancient time, people with common habitat and a similar understanding of the way of life grew into large communities and later emerged civilization. There are several ancient civilizations, some known to exist for real while others are mythical.  Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, ancient India, and ancient China are among the most outstanding civilizations to ever exist. These civilizations are credited for the modern-day cultures and civilizations that exist in the respective regions and even the rest of the world.The Mesopotamian Civilization, often regarded as the oldest civilization ever with some historians terming it as the cradle of civilization, occurred at approximately 3500BC. The civilization is evident to have emerged in an area between two rivers, river Euphrates and river Tigris, thus the name Mesopotamia. It is during this period that the idea of agriculture and domestic rearing came to light. The two rivers became the major sources of water for agricultural activities, influencing most people to settle in the region given the fact that the other parts of the Middle East were dry and sandy. The most significant developments during the Mesopotamian civilization are agriculture, urbanization, industrialization, art, and invention specifically writing (Postgate, 2017). Writing, name cuneiform gave birth to numerous advancements, including the concept of time, maps and mathematics to aid in trade. Other notable inventions during this revolution include the wheel, which later led to the development of chariots to aid in transportation. 
The most widespread ancient civilization, the Indus civilization otherwise referred to as Harappan civilization occurred at around 3300BC. The civilization, just like the Mesopotamian civilization, flourished primarily on agricultural activities, Indus River acting as the major source of water. The civilization was associated with an advancement in building construction with a unique orientation,  making it the earliest urban civilization (Parpola, 2015). Besides farming, the people in this civilization also practice trade, craft objects, and jewelry being their main commodities (Schug & Walimbe, 2016). The Indus civilization demonstrated a unique religious pattern often referred to as Buddhism, characterized by the use of inanimate objects or religious practices.The Egyptian civilization flourished along the Nile River, during the period of Pharaohs around 3150BC. The civilization was made viable as a result of the peaceful coexistence of upper and lower Egypt under one leader that is the Pharaoh. The most significant emergence during the ancient Egyptian civilization is the popular pyramids, mummies, and hieroglyphics.  The pyramids acted as t...