NURSING: Comorbidities and Diabetes

Nursing
Name
Institution
Course
Date
NURSING
Part 1: Patient and Diagnosis
1 Patient History and Presentation
Age
James Wayne is 55 years old. James is married and has two children, and has had diabetes for the past two years.
Diagnosis
Diabetes is a health condition associated with abnormally high levels of (glucose) sugar in the body. Insulin that is generally produced by the pancreas reduces blood glucose. Additionally, when there is insufficient insulin production or when the body cannot produce insulin, a person has diabetes (Reusch, Regensteiner, Stewart & Veves, 2018). A lot of sugar in the body of a person can cause severe health problems. Examples of diabetes include type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Co-Morbidities
The Patient does not have any other underlying medical conditions
Patient Presentation (Clinical Findings)
After several tests were conducted, the Patient's blood sugar level was 130 mg/dl (7 mmol/l) and Obesity (BMI 33.4 kg/m2). The Patient felt tired and had a blurred vision. The Patient was diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. The Patient has had diabetes for the last two years. The client was not under any medication currently. During the past year, James had gained 22 Ib. After retiring, he has been more physically active, playing golf twice per week, and gardening but has not lost weight. The diet history of James reveals that there is an excessive intake of carbohydrates from pasta and bread. He stopped smoking seven years ago.
History of present illness
There are reported cases of diabetes among family members. The mother and father of James had type 2 diabetes. James has limited knowledge of diabetes self-care management. He, however, does not understand why he has diabetes, yet he never takes any sugar. According to the medical records, James has had no hospitalizations, immunizations are up to date, and he has been healthy for years.
Chief complaint.
The Patient was experiencing the following symptoms
Increased dehydration
Frequent urination
Fatigue
Slow healing of wounds and sores
Irritability
Unclear vision.
Differential Diagnosis
Fasting plasma glucose level of 130 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L)
Abdominal Obesity
Elevated blood pressure
2 Pathophysiology of primary diagnosis
Pathophysiology of diabetes is categorized by reduced regulation of hepatic production of glucose, peripheral insulin resistance, and β-cell failure. For type 2 diabetes, the body does not produce sufficient insulin. Sometimes the body cells might fail to take insulin. Type 2 diabetes starts as insulin resistance (Nursing Interventions Classification, 2018). This is a disorder whereby the cells of the body do not take insulin appropriately. When the need for insulin increases, the pancreas loses the ability to produce it gradually. As a result, glucose builds up in the blood rather than going to the cells. This results in health conditions like kidney damage and heart disease.
Prescribed Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes
* Metformin 
This the first drug patients who have diabetes should be prescribed. James should be prescribed Metformin, 500 grams twice a day. Metfo...