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Social Sciences
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English (U.S.)
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Topic:

Sex and Race Composition of Civil Engineers in the US from 1983-2021

Other (Not Listed) Instructions:

Occupational Data Analysis
This assignment involves researching an occupation in which you are interested, collecting data on gender and race composition and salary, and writing an interpretation of your results. All data are available on the web. Two sample tables showing how you are expected to report your data are found at the end of the assignment.
Step 1.
Choose an occupation, using the table here:
https://www(dot)bls(dot)gov/cps/cpsaat11.htm
Define this occupation using the US Census Bureau classification.
To do this, go to the US Census Bureau’s alphabetical index of occupations:
https://www(dot)bls(dot)gov/soc/2018/soc_2018_definitions.pdf
For your chosen occupation, provide the Occupation Code, and the SOC definition (click on the occupation name to get this information).
Step 2.
Gather data on the sex and race composition of your occupation over time.
Do this for 1983, 1995, 2010, and 2021. Your data should include the actual numbers of workers by race and sex, as well as percentages by race and sex. Record the data in a table. Note that the actual number of workers are reported in thousands in the original source.

The source for the 2021 data is here:
(in the first table referenced above): https://www(dot)bls(dot)gov/cps/cpsaat11.htm
For previous years, the data are in the Statistical Abstract of the United States, which was published annually by the Census Bureau until 2012.
Go here: http://www(dot)census(dot)gov/library/publications/time-series/statistical_abstracts.html
For each year, you want the section on “Labor Force, Employment and Earnings.” For the 1983 and 1995 data, go to the 1996 Statistical Abstract and go to the section on “Labor Force, Employment and Earnings.” Choose table number 637: Employed Civilians by Occupation, Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin. For the 2010 data, use the 2011 statistical abstract, and then go to table number 616: Employed Civilians by Occupation, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin (https://www2(dot)census(dot)gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/tables/labor.pdf). The occupational titles here are somewhat broader than those used in the Census, so you may have to be a bit flexible. Note the title of the relevant occupation in your table.

Step 3.
Gather information on wages by sex for your occupation. Use the years 1995, 2010, and 2020 (Note that 2021 data were not yet available as of Sept. 2022 when writing this assignment). See “Highlights of Women’s Earnings” for these years (search using this term and you will find them):

1995: https://www(dot)bls(dot)gov/cps/aa1995/aat39.txt
2010: https://www(dot)bls(dot)gov/opub/reports/womens-earnings/archive/womensearnings_2010.pdf
2020: https://www(dot)bls(dot)gov/opub/reports/womens-earnings/2019/pdf/home.pdf

You will need Table #2. Produce a table that reports wages for these years for all workers, male workers, female workers, and report women’s earnings as a percentage of men’s for your chosen occupation. If there are no data reported for the occupation you chose (i.e., if there are too few male or female workers), report data for the next category up in the classification scheme. For example, there are too few women “architects,” so the Census Bureau does not report wage information for this category. They do, however, report data for “Engineers, Architects and Surveyors.” This is the best you can do. Note this in your table. These data are not routinely available by race, unfortunately. See Table Two below for an example of what I want you to produce.

Step 4.
Write a brief statement (This should be 1200-1500 words ) on your findings. What conclusions can you draw about the changes in occupational composition and wages over time? Can you draw on the readings to explain what you see in these jobs? Specific examples are a very big plus.

I've attached to this order the Sample tables
Thanks for your help with this.

Other (Not Listed) Sample Content Preview:

Working Women in America
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course Title
Professor's Name
Date
Table1
The composition of Civil Engineers by sex and race; 1983-2021, selected years % of Total Employed Who Are;

Total Employed

Women

white

Black/African American

Asian

Hispanic

1983

211

4.0


1.9


3.2

1995

231

7.2


4.9


2.6

2010

318

9.7


4.9

8.9

6.9

2021

431

17.4

78.8

6.6

12.8

10.7

(U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS)
17-2050 Civil Engineers
17-2051
“Perform engineering duties in planning, designing, and overseeing construction and maintenance of building structures and facilities, such as roads, railroads, airports, bridges, harbors, channels, dams, irrigation projects, pipelines, power plants, and water and sewage systems. Includes architectural, structural, traffic, and geotechnical engineers. Excludes “Hydrologists” (19-2043)” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2020).
Table 2

Both sexes

men

women

w/m ratio

1995

839

861

(1)


2010

1332

1363

(1)


2020

1,616

1,657

1,353

81.7

Analysis of the findings
Civil engineering is one of the well-paying jobs across the world. Civil engineering deals with infrastructure, and when the term infrastructure is mentioned, most of the time, the picture that develops is that of men working on a construction site (Kaewsri & Tongthong, 2012). As can be seen from the above data, very few women participated in civil engineering in the past as the career was mainly considered to be for men. Therefore, men dominated civil engineering careers as women were considered fragile. However, as seen from the above tabulation, the number of women in civil engineering has been increasing. The analysis will look at factors that hindered many women from practicing civil engineering as a career and why more women are currently practicing civil engineering. The analysis will also address some measures that can encourage more women to participate in civil engineering.
As seen in Table 1, the number of women practicing civil engineering in 2021 was double that of women practicing civil engineering in 1983 (U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, 2022). One of the factors that might have contributed to the low number of female civil engineers in 1983 is the high level of gender discrimination. Biasness and stereotyping have significantly contributed to the difference in number between men and women in civil engineering. According to Shahala et al. (2007), most people carry prejudices that they are usually unaware of but significantly impact how people evaluate other people and their work. As a result, discrimination makes people less likely to hire women but prefer hiring men even if they both have the same qualifications.
Moreover, due to the high rate of gender discrimination in civil engineering, most females were discouraged from pursuing the course at the University becau...
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