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Law
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Topic:

Deductive and Inductive Argument, Theory of Relativism, The Golden Rule, Ethical Egoism

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INSTRUCTIONS
Your answers should be thought of as in-class essays and discussions. I am looking to see that you understand the concepts involved and I will judge your ability to represent those concepts back to me in some intelligible fashion that is consistent with what you have read and what we have discussed in class.
Pick four questions from I. Everybody will answer question 8 for a total of five questions.
Answers should be between 2-3 paragraphs (roughly 1-1 ½ pages).
Please follow these formatting guidelines: https://tinyurl(dot)com/5uzhftrs
There are a number of folder on my Learning Web page that can help you prepare. These include: “What is a Summary?” “General Grading Rubrics” “Guides to Studying Philosophy” “Exam/Paper Checklist” “Example Exam Questions and Notes” Give yourselves time to write, rewrite, and rewrite again.
PICK FOUR OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS TO ANSWER
According to your reading and as discussed in class.
What role do definitions play in being reasonable and how is the use of counterexamples and thought experiments helpful in critical thinking? Use specific examples.
Discuss what an argument is. Next, be specific about both deductive and inductive arguments and give an example of each. Your discussion should include all the relevant terminology associated with each type of argument.
Pick three of your favorite fallacies. 1) Name each fallacy, 2) give a definition of each, 3) give an example of each, 5) discuss why each example is a fallacy.
Describe in detail the theory or Relativism. Present any relevant arguments. Next, discuss criticisms of the theory. Finally, what can we learn from Relativism?
Discuss in detail the Literal Golden Rule as presented by J.C. Maxwell (GR) and Ginsler’s version of the Golden Rule (GGR). Present and explore the criticisms to the Golden Rule discussed in your readings and class lecture. What can we learn from studying the GR?
Discuss Ethical Egoism as presented and discussed in class. Include relevant arguments for and against the position and any relevant criticisms. What can we learn from studying Egoism?
EVERYBODY
Reflection: what have you learned about the nature of morality thus far?

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Midterm Exam
Student’s Name
Institution
Midterm Exam
Arguments
An argument is a set of statements often called premises, whose intention is to establish the truth of another statement, often called the conclusion (Knachel, 2017). There are many types of arguments. One is a deductive argument, which provides a guarantee that the conclusion is true as long as the premise is true. The truth of the premise makes the conclusion true. An example of a deductive argument is as follows:
* All men are mortal. Smith is a man. Therefore, Smith is mortal.
Another type of argument is an inductive argument which provides premises that make the conclusion more likely to be true if the premises were true (Knachel, 2017). The premise does not guarantee that the conclusion is true, but it makes it probable. An example of an inductive argument is as follows:
* Every time I carry an umbrella, it rains. So, the next time I carry an umbrella, it will rain.
Theory of Relativism
The theory of relativism is based on the belief that morality varies from one society to another and as such, there are no absolute truths about morality. The theory holds that many moral truths depend on the beliefs of a specific society, which is why there is moral disagreement in the world (Beillard, 2013). Thus, the morality of something is only relative to a specific measure, such as individual standards or prescribed cultural norms or belief systems.
This theory explains that moral disagreement exists because people prescribe to different moral codes (Beillard, 2013). However, critics argue that the lack of moral agreement is not a reason to disregard universal moral standards. Relativism shows, however, that no moral values are superior to others because there is no standard/universal measure of morality.
The Golden Rule
Maxwell’s Golden Rule is that one should treat others as he/she would want to be treated while Gensler's version focuses on treating others as one would want to be treated if they were in the same s...
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