Define the Following Terms in Words

Case Assignment Module 4 sampling
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Define the following terms in your own words.
•Population- This encompasses all the elements of the data set that are taken into account in a research study.
•Sample- This is a subset of a population that contains one or more of the observations
•Bias- This refers to the systematic errors that underestimate or overestimate the actual value of a population parameter, meaning that the outcomes misrepresent the population characteristics.
•Design- This is the plan detailing the sampling approach and encompasses the factors that influence sampling
•Response bias- This the error related to the study participants providing inaccurate responses, and this is especially studies considering voluntary participation, whereby the participants have strong opinions about a subject
Define and provide an example for each design method.
•Simple random sampling- This is the study design method that each and every element in the target population has the same probability of being selected from a sample
•Systematic sampling- In this approach, after selecting the first element randomly, the next selections are chosen for every nth value in the target population.
•Stratified sampling- This is a sample design whereby the target population is divided into non-overlapping strata/subpopulations/groups based on specific criteria
•Cluster sampling- The population is placed into groups of clusters, which contain elements that are not necessarily the same size. Since each element belongs to a cluster, it is the clusters that are sampled rather than the elements.
3. Choose one design method from the list above. Using your example, make a list of 2-3 advantages and 2-3 disadvantages for using the method.
Stratified sampling
Advantages
Estimates for the subpopulation means and variance are readily available
For each sample size stratified sampling produces fewer sampling errors compared to cluster sampling and random sampling.
It is appropriate to use a small sample size when using the stratified sampling design.
Disadvantage
There is risk that inaccuracies in determining the appropriate size of strata.
It may be necessary to calculate the required population strata numbers.
4. The name of each student in a class is written on a separate card. The cards are placed in a bag. Three names are picked from the bag. Identify which type of sampling is used and why.
This is simple random sampling since there is an equal chance that each student’s name will be chosen, if a card is selected from the bag.
5. A phone company obtains an alphabetical list of names of homeowners in a city. They select every 25th person from the list until a sample of 100 is obtained. They then call these 100 people to advertise their services. Does this sampling plan result in a random sample? What about a simple random sample? Explain why or why not.
This is not a case of either a random sampling or simple random sampling. There is no randomness in the selection procedures, as the names of homeowners are first sorted in an alphabetical order, and the next selection is the 25th individual for a samp...