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Health, Medicine, Nursing
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PP6012 Online Theory Exam I. Toxicology. Health, Medicine, Nursing Assignment.

Essay Instructions:

Toxicology exam paper. Choose 1 essay question from section A and 2 from section B.

PP6012 Online Theory Exam
Instruction to Candidates:
1. Please log onto the Moodle site PP6012. At 2pm go to the Assessment section. Open the word file called ‘PP6012  Exam-1st June 2020’.
2. You are presented with the exam paper. Please any one question from section A and any two of the five questions from section B. Each question in a section will carry carries equal marks.
3. Open a new word document page for each question on the above document, write your student number and the question number as indicated.
4. Type your answer into this document. You may insert into the document pictures of hand-drawn figures or writing taken with your mobile. 
5. The exam starts at 2pm and finishes at 5pm. Save the word document using your student number as the file name. You need to upload this file onto the Turnitin link by 5.30pm. 
6. Upload onto the “ PP6012 Examination Submission-1st  June 2020” Turnitin site in the Assessment section of the PP6012 Moodle site. 
7. If there are any queries please ask at the beginning and end of the exam. Otherwise text your query on ‘teams’. I will be monitoring from 2pm to 5.30pm.
8. The exam paper is shown below
Additional open-book regulations
1. Do not copy and paste text or figures from another source (this may incur plagiarism, an academic breach and the assessment can potentially be invalidated).  
2. Do not attempt to submit the paper more than ONCE on Turnitin to check the similarity levels. 
3. Only as an approximate guide consider 1000-1500 words for each question. You will not be penalised if you exceed these limits.
 Examination Question Paper
Module Code: PP6012
Component No: 1 Paper Type: Exam
Module Title: Toxicology
Term Term 2 
Level: 6
Credits: 30
Date: 1st June 2020 Time: 2pm
Duration: 3 hours
Examination Questions
Students are required to answer one question from Section A (40%) and ANY Two questions from Section B (60%).  
All questions carry equal marks.  
Section A
1. Review the role of genetic polymorphism in the metabolism and toxicity of three named compounds.
2. Discuss the importance the regulatory process in the development of a new drug.
3. Review the importance of the generation of reactive metabolites in xenobiotic mediated toxicity.
4. A patient was given a 300mg dose of drug by bolus intravenous injection and plasma concentration determined as displayed in the table below. 
Time (h) 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
Drug Concentration
(mg/l) 15 13.6 11.6 10.4 9 7.8 6.7 5.8 5.2 4.5 3.6
a. Plot the data on the graph paper provided [30 Marks].
b. Given that kel = slope x 2.303,  t1/2 = 0.693/ kel, VD = dose/Co ,
Kel = Co/AUC and Kel = CLtot/ VD determine kel [10 Marks], t1/2 [5 Marks], VD [5 Marks], Co [5 Marks], AUC [10 Marks] and CLtot [5 Marks] 
c.        Comment on the significance of the pharmacokinetic profiles of drugs to their toxic actions [30 Marks]
Section B
1. Critically review the stages in a traditional clinical trial and discuss how these can be modified when there is a need to quickly bring new drugs to the public.
2. Evaluate the factors and mechanisms which make the liver a target for some toxic xenobiotics and how this could be assessed.
3. Using at least two examples, review the role of toxicity testing in the development of a new drug.
4. Review the role xenobiotics play in transforming a normal cell into a cancer cell. 
5. Using specific examples review the role of heavy metals in environmental toxicology. 
End of Paper
Student Number:
Question Number: 

Essay Sample Content Preview:

Toxicology
Student’s Name
Institution
Course
Professor
Date
Toxicology
Section A
Discuss the importance of the regulatory process in the development of a new drug
Four main stages are essential during the development of drugs. These stages are research and development, regulation by review boards, manufacturing, marketing and distribution, and finally, the use of the medication. Before the drug is released into the market or manufactured, the review board is essential because it assists in classifying the various drugs and identify their effects. When companies to researchers have found new drugs, the formal regulatory process assists in making approval to ascertain the usefulness of the particular drug. On of the primary importance of the regulatory process is affirming the safety of the drug. In addition, undertaking the process of review are various experts, which include government representative in order to establish whether these drugs are effective for the intended purpose (Aspden & Aspden, 2007).
In this regard, the board is responsible for ascertaining whether the benefits of the proposed drug outweigh the potential risks on the health and wellbeing of humans. In order for a drug to pass the review process, there must be minimal harm to human and maximum benefits from using the drug. In addition to ascertaining the drug safety and effectiveness, the board is mandated to ensure that the manufacturers or stakeholders involved in the production of the drug have taken the possible measures to curb any potential risks. This ensures that the final product is well-suited for the target market; any other risks are eliminated (Aspden & Aspden, 2007).
It is also essential to note that the illness or condition usually influences the balance between the benefits and the risks that the drug is intended to treat. In this regard, the board is essential because it can way the risks and decide to allow the manufacture of the drug if it is intended to treat life-threatening disease. When the illness to be treated by the drug is not life-threatening, the benefits must be more and risks much lower. Therefore, in the development of new drugs, the regulatory process is fundamental because it eliminates all possible risks and ensures that drugs are safe for the intended purpose (Aspden & Aspden, 2007).
Section B
Using at least two examples, review the role of toxicity testing in the development of a new drug.
In the process of developing new drugs, toxicity testing is essential. Toxicology or toxicity testing usually entails the study or toxins or poisons within certain substances that are used in the manufacture of drugs. Since drugs are usually consumed by people and can possibly cause organ da...
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