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Nuclear Conflicts: Strategies to Avert Nuclear Wars

Essay Instructions:

Answer ONE of the following questions
Was the decision to drop to atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki justified? A good answer should show awareness of the historical facts and moral issues raised in section 9.2, and may draw on additional course concepts and research. Note that Bess's full chapter on "The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb" is available through course reserves. (Unit 9, sec.2)
What is the best way to reduce the danger of Nuclear War while maintaining national security? The views of Kahn, Somerville, Narveson, Walzer, and Sagan are relevant, and you may bring in other material. (Unit 9, sec.3-7)
Can terrorism ever be justified? Given that the answer may depend on how terrorism is defined, what do you see as the best definition? Consider whether terrorism can satisfy the Legitimate Authority condition and beat the charge that it is Indiscriminate in targeting Non-Combatants. (Unit 10, sec.5-8; Frowe, ch.9)
What does Narveson see as the Strategic Dilemma of the Insurgent Terrorist? Can it be overcome? Can terrorism be an effective strategy? If so, using what methods? Consider the arguments of Brecher and Abrahms and some historical examples. (Unit 10, sec.1-4, 9-10)
What is the most plausible form of pacifism: Nonviolent Pacifism (Tolstoy, Gandhi, Holmes), Anti-War Pacifism (Russell, Teichman), or Just War Pacifism (Sterba). Are all forms of pacifism flawed? You may criticize or defend these thinkers, and you may consider variations on the scenario in Coward of the County which illustrate how these approaches differ in practice. (Unit 11, sec.1-5)
Assess the morality and effectiveness of Civil Disobedience as a tactic. You may focus on one or several of the following thinkers: Gandhi, Thoreau, King, and Hughan. Or you may focus on different approaches: Nonviolent Resistance, Civilian-based Defence, or Violent forms of Civil Disobedience. (Unit 11, sec.8-13)
Nonviolent Resistance, Violent Civil Disobedience, Terrorism, and Guerrilla War are all potential means of protest, resistance, or insurrection. Briefly distinguish between them and consider which is better or worse, and which makes sense in particular situations. (Unit 10-11)
Write on a topic of your own choosing. Your essay must engage with course material, and it should develop and defend a position or critically assess the views of authors on a debatable issue. You are welcome to discuss your topic with me. (Unit 9-12)
General Advice on Writing Philosophy Essays:
I'm looking for knowledge of the relevant course material, understanding and evaluation of the arguments involved, and some original and coherent thinking. Style is relevant. This involves such things as clarity, organization, grammar, and spelling.
The essay is a defence of your own position regarding a question of ethical significance. To give your position a worthy defence, imagine that your reader is skeptical about your conclusion but sympathetic to well formulated arguments. When arguing against a position, imagine how your opponent would reply.
Strong argumentation and originality of thought are highly valued in philosophy papers. This could involve subtle and detailed analysis of an issue, concept, or author, and it could involve comparing or connecting different ideas in order to develop your own view. Accuracy in your treatment of texts is also important. As a reader, I want you to give me the most for the least - that is, to make lots of points, defend them adequately, back them up with appropriate attention to course material, and to do this without padding or repetition.
Marks will be deducted for poor writing (paragraph organization, grammar and diction), so proofread carefully. I also come down hard on papers that clearly misread an author, that are self-contradictory, or that say little in a vague way.
All ideas taken from someone else should be referenced in MLA or APA format, even if they are not direct quotations. Page references should be given for all direct quotations from a printed source.

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Nuclear Conflicts: Strategies to Avert Nuclear Wars
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Nuclear Conflicts: Strategies to Avert Nuclear Wars
Since the first experimental atomic blast named "trinity" was conducted on July 16, 1945, the world's people have been living in consistent threat of mass destruction on account of nuclear war. The horrific bombing of Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August 1945, respectively, further added reality to the fear and destruction caused by nuclear bombs (Wiesner & York, 1964). Currently, the biggest threat or deterrence that determines the relations between nations is that of nuclear bombs, and since, unlike conventional weapons, the nuclear threat is not linked to a particular locality, this menace poses threats to the very existence of human beings. Currently, nine countries hold nuclear arsenal and belong to different regions of the world; the nuclear threat will not remain localized in case of a global war. Therefore, it is crucial to develop feasible strategies and political tactics to minimize the possibility of a nuclear war to avert the large-scale destruction of humankind. The following paragraphs deal with an in-depth discussion of the ways to avoid the danger of nuclear war in the light of the views of renowned philosophers and thinkers.
According to one scholar, one of the fundamental philosophies of war is that it has to be started by one or more states or regimes and the surety about defeat is the most compelling factor that instigates a warring faction to resort to extreme measures. Therefore, the fear of being overwhelmed by a much superior power is the root cause of the frantic arms race (Narveson, 1986). Considering this fact related to war, one of the feasible options to avert the danger of nuclear war is to make the belligerent parties realize that its existence is not under threat by any other country. However, this option does not seem easy to implement since all nuclear power, although they claim that their nuclear arsenal is only for minimum deterrence, hold untold fears and grudges against other nuclear powers.
An in-depth analysis of this fear reveals that technical and psychological factors are responsible for this arms race. The technical factors involve the fear of an unexpected strike by a rival country and the escalation of a conventional war into a nuclear one. On the other hand, psychological factors are based on assumptions, including fear of other countries' aggressive intentions and fear of being militarily inferior (Narveson, 1986). Thus, to alleviate the dangers of nuclear war, the untold fear and apprehension have to be removed, and one of the possible ways to remove this fear is to adopt a categorical and practical stance toward real intentions of peace by all countries, especially the nuclear powers. In this regard, a scholar argues that one of the moral obligations of all nuclear powers is to limit their nuclear arsenal to cruise missiles and eliminate all ballistic missiles. Because of their slow speed and low flight, cruise missiles cannot be used for the first strike, but they are the perfect weapons for the retaliatory response. Therefore, a cou...
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