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Social Sciences
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Topic:

Key Concepts, Theories, and Dynamics of the Public Sphere

Essay Instructions:

Please complete on time, no extension, and I also uploaded the essay example for you to reference in the file. to integrated the case study with theory is important for this assignment. Thank you!
Note: the following essay exemplars all scored in the HD range but may have some minor errors. Pay particular attention as to how the case study is integrated with theory and used to illuminate theory. There has also been a change in assessment instructions and in 2021 you are expected to use only ONE case study for any of the questions (Previously, some questions allowed students to use more than one). This change is designed to allow greater depth in analysis.
Background and Context
You are asked to write an academic essay with a case study, analysing and exploring the key concepts, theories, and dynamics of the public sphere, public opinion, and policy studied in this unit. Copy your chosen question to the top of your document.
Detail
Choose one of the following questions for your essay, using one case study to develop and illustrate your analysis and argument.
Essay Questions
1.How valid and relevant is Habermas’ classic theory expressed in The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere today? Is it useful for those engaged in public opinion, policy, and discussion, such as journalists, public relations and other media and communications professionals, politicians, corporate and community leaders, or citizens? Discuss the adequacy and uses of Habermas’ account for actual existing public spheres today –– with reference to one case study.
2.How do you see public spheres having changed with the arrival of new communication technology, such as the Internet, social media, and, most recently, automated media, AI, and algorithms? Choosing one case study, show how public discussion, opinion, and policy, requires new kinds of communication and media strategies.
3.What do you see as the relationship between the private sphere and public sphere in today’s world, especially in light of developments such as the rise of personalised, social, mobile media and apps, and the emergence of intimate, ‘affective’, and ‘little’ publics? Use one case study to demonstrate your argument.
4.‘Public spheres do not have to be democratic.’ Do you regard public spheres as always linked to ideas of democracy, and their success judged against democratic criteria? Referring to one case study, assess as to whether it is possible to have an adequate public sphere existing in an authoritarian society, or in a society that works on a different political model than democracy.
Learning Outcomes
Research and analyse the roles of various stakeholders, including states, NGOs and other civil society actors in the formation of public policy
Critically assess the communication approaches, strategies and tactics these stakeholders employ
Reflect on the role of the professional communicator in influencing public opinion and legitimating policy
Interrogate theoretical positions and assumptions regarding the concept of the public sphere and processes of public opinion formation in a postmodern context

Essay Sample Content Preview:

Key Concepts, Theories, and Dynamics of the Public Sphere
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Key Concepts, Theories, and Dynamics of the Public Sphere
Question 2. How do you see public spheres having changed with the arrival of new communication technology, such as the Internet, social media, and, most recently, automated media, AI, and algorithms? Choosing one case study, show how public discussion, opinion, and policy, requires new kinds of communication and media strategies.
The past 30 years have been characterized by a series of changes that have resulted in significant changes in the order of things. The developments have included an overwhelming technological change involving the communication systems. These changes have been occasioned by the development of the internet, a product of technology, which has had a tremendous impact on both spoken and printed world. These changes in the communication systems have also led to a brutal and unprecedented collapse of socialism, a domination of the knowledge society that has necessitated restricting of the intellectual framework and how the intellectuals present themselves in the public sphere. As this essay argues, these changes have created an artificial public sphere that allows individuals to choose whom to interact with and what to share.
A public sphere refers to an area in the social life where people meet to discuss and seek solutions to community challenges. Ultimately, such actions are geared towards influencing political action. It is a space that is common to all people, where each person can share their ideas and exchange information (Fabiani, 2015). The discussions undertaken through the public spheres are called public debates and involve expression of views on matters that affect the public. In such spaces, people express opposing ideas, discuss the challenges of each solution presented, and eventually come up with the most suitable solution. Thus, these spheres are often characterized by competing political and commercial interests among the members of the society. Each group presents their challenges in an attempt to establish a solution or gain leverage over the others.
In the 18th century, public sphere was an extensive space managed by the public authority. On the contrary, there was also the private sphere, which mainly included the civil society, which shaped how people interacted at a more personal level. The authoritative figures who managed public sphere included the state, the police, and the ruling class. Other authoritative figures included the church leaders, kingdom rulers, and any other leader who large groups of people. With time, the public sphere developed by incorporating the private sphere to advance the interests of the individuals before the state (Calhoun, 2010). People getting rights to vote for their leaders of choice is one of the products of the marriage between the public and the private sphere. It was during this time that people began realizing the extent to which the public sphere was affecting their private lives.
It is also worth noting that the public sphere was distinct from the official economy. This statement means that whereas the official economy included the state ...
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