Perovskite Solar Cell (PSC)

1 Introduction
Ongoing innovation in reliance on renewable energy sources (RESs) is having a crucial effect on synthesis and characterization multi-functional nanomaterials. Renewable technologies consider green energy sources, maximization of resources usage while decreasing the impact on the environment, little secondary waste production, and the energy sources sustainability regarding the social and economic future and current needs. Recent studies have shown that fourteen percent of the world’s total energy is from (RESs). By year 2100 there is a projection of rise in supply by 30-80 percent.
(RESs) Can be classified into four categories: solar cells, wind energy, global thermal energy, and biomass [1A]. A particular emphasis is placed on the solar cell due to its advantages: environmental friendliness, plentiful of solar irradiation, and more applicable in both developing and developed countries, even in rich-fuel nations to mitigate the negative implications of fossil fuel on the health and the environment.
Photovoltaic cells convert direct solar energy to electricity. The process involves similar or more energy compared to the higher gap of the materials. In 2014, 55% of the international PV market had been dominated by crystalline silicon technology and polycrystalline. Whereas monocrystalline-silicon modules share the PV market with a 36% and only 9% has been divided between various PV technologies. Some of the technologies used include dot quantum cells, semi -conductors which are amorphous, thin films poly-crystalline in nature, organics and solar cells that have been sensitized through dye.
On the contrary, the process of manufacturing the crystalline silicon structures not only requires a relatively high amount of heat energy [4] but also utilizes some hazardous and rare components including telluride cadmium telluride, Indium- selenide copper, cadmium indium gallium di-selenide and silicon tetrachloride [5,6]. As a result of this, organic and abundance materials like dye-sensitized, organic, and perovskite solar cells (PSC) can be more environmentally-friendly alternatives.
There has been emphasis placed on Solar cells (perovskite) as a competitive and viable alternative in the PV market due to its advantages. The cells have got a power transforming capacity of twenty percent, minimal costs of manufacturing and perfect stability. Because of this, rapid development in mass production and interface aspects of thin perovskite films and attachments has succeeded excellently in improving the working of gadgets. Through the developed technologies, there has been a remarkable increase in grain size of the perovskite as well as the degree of the solid order of the molecule, increases its coverage on the surface, the morphology of the film and minimize on the majority of errors .Therefore, understanding the mineral materials properties have become a young research area and require more investigation.
1 Perovskite solar cell (PSC)
In 2009, PSC was introduced in the literature although the quality of PSC was insufficient. For instance, there was a minimal ability to convert, around less than four percent, and its stability included since during the cell operation the electrodes and perovskite layer diss...