Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

Peripheral Artery Disease First Name, Last Name Institutional Affiliation Date Peripheral Artery Disease Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is primarily partial or complete blockage of the peripheral arteries of the legs, head, stomach, and arms causing impaired perfusion. According to the American Heart Association (2018), 8.5 million Americans and over 200 million people across the globe are living with PAD in 2018 (AHA, 2018). The CDC estimates the prevalence at 1% before 50 years, increasing to 12-20% in people over 60 years. Increased prevalence is true for both men and women. However, recent data indicates increased risk for black race/ethnicity and similar or slightly higher rates for the Hispanic origin compared to non-Hispanic whites (CDC, 2017). The pathophysiology of PAD relates to ischemia (insufficient flow of blood) in the lower extremities due to the accumulation of fatty plaque in the arteries. However, in majority PAD cases, the cause is atherosclerosis, which is a common disease that affects both the lower extremities and the entire cardiovascular system. Thus, physicians need to assess patient with PAD symptoms for the risk of atherosclerosis (Morley, Sharma, Horsch, & Hinchliffe, 2018). Presently the diagnosis of PAD starts with a medical history and physical exam. During the examination, a physician can use the ABI (Ankle Branchial Index) test, which compares the patient’s blood pressure in the arms and the ankles. After completing the ABI test, the doctor can use other criteria such as Doppler ultrasound, CTA (Computed Tomographic Angiography), MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography) and peripheral angiogram (AHA, 2018). Evidence-based treatment of PAD involves lifestyle changes and medication for most patients but can also include surgery or minimally invasive treatment for some patients. Some changes in lifestyle include quitting smoking, control of both diabetes and blood pressure, physical activity, and avoiding diets high in saturated and trans fats. Medication includes antipl...