Lactated Dehydrogenase and the Isoenzymes of LDH as Diagnostic Tools

Lactated Dehydrogenase
Name Course Instructor Date
What is lactated dehydrogenase, and how is it used in the reduction of carbonyl groups?
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme found in body tissues. LDH is essential in anaerobic metabolism, where it catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate and vice versa (Zhu et al., 2015). There is the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H) (NADH) and vice versa when there is the conversion of lactate to pyruvate. Additionally, pyruvate is reduced (carbonyl to alcohol) while NADH is oxidized to NAD⁺ , and the carbonyl group is essential in the synthesis. Lactate dehydrogenase helps catalyze the oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl group using NAD+ as the coenzyme NADH can be used to reduce the reaction. Lactate dehydrogenase is required in glycolysis, where NAD+ must be present for glycolysis to take place.
Explain how the isoenzymes of LDH can be used as diagnostic tools.
The isoenzymes of LDH are often used as diagnostic tools to locate and assess the severity and type of tissue damage. When there is tissue damage or injury, there are elevated levels of LDH in the bloodstream. Still, conditions like cancers, heart attacks, liver diseases, and infections can also cause the levels to rise.
Choose one other diagnostic test not using LDH isoenzymes that might be used for the same application and explain what advantages and disadvantages exist overusing LDH isoenzymes.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a diagnostic test for soft tissue disorders and tissue injury. Imaging may also be used to assess subtle fractures. MRI is non-invasive and does not involve radiation, unlike procedures using iodine-based substances such as CT scans. However, the test cannot distinguish between some of the injuries and tumors. Some patients may also develop allergic reactions to the tests.
Discussion Question 2
Explain how neurotransmitters work.
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that the brain generates that transmit signals (information) from one neuron to another throu...