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Health, Medicine, Nursing
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Coursework
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English (U.S.)
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Topic:

Importance of Collecting and Analyzing Data About Cholera

Coursework Instructions:

Part B: you are responding to this person's response to Part A. and answer the following questions (No more than 4 sentences per response):
1. What are 2 ways that Covid-19 has impacted negatively on one of the vulnerable groups selected by the other student? Provide at least 1 reference to support your response.
2. What are 2 specific ways in which Covid-19 has made it more difficult to implement the interventions of the other student? Provide at least 1 reference to support your response.
3. Would either of the vulnerable groups selected for your team's memo benefit if the intervention selected by the other student was implemented? Why or why not?
4. Provide 1 way that implementing your intervention could help directly and concretely support the implementation of the other student's intervention.
**********************************Part-A************************************************
1. What is the outcome of interest for your upcoming team memo?
The outcome of interest for our team memo is to develop cholera surveillance and data collection. Due to ineffective reporting and inadequate surveillance, cholera is a disease that is frequently downplayed and undervalued. The consequent data gap makes it difficult to analyze the impact of the disease and identify specific intervention for vulnerable populations.
2. What are the TWO vulnerable groups that your team has selected to focus on for your team memo?
The two vulnerable groups our team decided to focus on are children under five in urban areas and urban slum dwellers. The urban area we decided to focus on is Jakarta, Indonesia.
3. Provide ONE intervention that you will contribute to the Team memo.
Most cholera cases are not recorded, therefore the true extent of the disease is largely unclear. The low reporting rate can be ascribed to societal, political, and economic disincentives for reporting, as well as the restricted capacity of epidemiological monitoring and laboratories (Bwire et al., 2018). One intervention I plan to employ is an environmental surveillance through wastewater to track Vibro Cholerae in Jakarta to improve data collection and reporting of Cholera.
4.Which leverage point will your selected intervention be linked to, and why? (NO more than 2-4 sentences, and provide 1-2 references to support the effectiveness of this intervention in any LMIC)
One of the biggest obstacles to accurately reporting cholera is the fear of economic consequences (an import ban that could cause a loss of trade) and travel restrictions that could affect tourism(Ganesan et al., 2019). The leverage point for the selected intervention is early detection and quick response to contain outbreaks. Through surveillance, you are able to monitor for cholera outbreaks. This early detection strategy will reduce and control disease transmission.
5. Which vulnerable group(s) will benefit from this intervention, and how will this help "narrow the equity gap"? (NO more than 2-4 sentences, and provide 1-2 references to show how this intervention will specifically help at least one of your identified vulnerable groups)
It is yet unclear which vulnerable groups will benefit from this intervention, primarily because this intervention aims to increase data collection. Which will be used to determine who is impacted the most and eventually curate interventions to the most vulnerable population based on the reports from the wastewater surveillance program.
6. Provide 2 specific ways that one development partner, from the category of partners you were assigned to, could support the Indonesian Ministry of Health to implement this intervention. (NO more than 2-4 sentences, and provide at least 1 reference to document that this partner has supported a similar type of intervention in any LMIC)
Public health surveillance is cited by WHO and the World Bank as a crucial component of a public health system (World Bank, 2001). By focusing interventions and tracking their effects on the population, surveillance data increases the efficiency and efficacy of health services when connected to policy and program units (Nsubuga et al., 2011). For donors to target and assess their investments, they need monitoring data. WaterAid is active in 35 nations throughout the world, striving to improve the most marginalized populations' access to services for sanitation, hygiene, and clean water. The proposed intervention for surveillance will increase data and reporting allowing development partners like WaterAid to work in Jakarta.
References:
Bwire, G., Debes, A. K., Orach, C. G., Kagirita, A., Ram, M., Komakech, H., Voeglein, J. B.,
Buyinza, A. W., Obala, T., Brooks, W. A., & Sack, D. A. (2018). Environmental Surveillance of Vibrio cholerae O1/O139 in the Five African Great Lakes and Other Major Surface Water Sources in Uganda. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9. https://doi(dot)org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01560
Nsubuga, P., White, M. E., Thacker, S. B., Anderson, M. A., Blount, S. B., Broome, C. V.,
Chiller, T. M., Espitia, V., Imtiaz, R., Sosin, D., Stroup, D. F., Tauxe, R. V., Vijayaraghavan, M., & Trostle, M. (2011). Public Health Surveillance: A Tool for Targeting and Monitoring Interventions. Nih.gov; The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. https://www(dot)ncbi(dot)nlm(dot)nih(dot)gov/books/NBK11770/
Ganesan, D., Gupta, S. S., & Legros, D. (2019). Cholera surveillance and estimation of burden of
cholera. Vaccine, 38. https://doi(dot)org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.036
‌World Bank. 2001. World Development Report 2000–2001: Attacking Poverty. New York: Oxford University Press.

Coursework Sample Content Preview:

Responding to Classmate’s Part A
Author’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course Code and Name
Professor’s Name
Date
Responding to Classmate’s Part A
Part A
1. I agree with my colleague that ineffective data reporting and inadequate cholera surveillance are major issues. As such, collecting and analyzing data about cholera might address this problem. Moreover, it would facilitate identifying a proper intervention to help vulnerable populations.
2. For sure, the two vulnerable populations that my peer focuses on are urban slum dwellers and children under five years in urban areas. The choice of Jakarta, Indonesia is a good one.
3. I concur with my classmate that the lack of adequate data about cholera makes it challenging to eliminate the disease. In particular, a good intervention, such as environmental surveillance via wastewater in tracking Vibrio cholerae can be effective if the data is available. Moreover, cholera vaccines can be administered to the affected demographic if reliable data is available (Herzog, 2016).
4. Ganesan et al. (2019) assert that cholera outbreaks can affect trade adversely through import bans or issuance of travel restrictions (Ganesan et al., 2019). However, my peer’s leverage point is early detection to contain cholera outbreaks. Cholera surveillance will make it possible to control cholera transmission and avoid possible outbreaks.
5. In my opinion, the vulnerable groups that will benefit from the above intervention are children and slum dwellers. Notably, cholera monitoring by recording appropriate data to identify those significantly affected is the first prevention measure (Osawa et al., 2020). On that note, knowing who is affected will narrow the equity gap by ensuring that they get proper assistance to eliminate cholera.
6. I agree with my peer that public health surveillance is vital in a properly functioning public health system (World Bank, 2001). As such, increased cholera surveillance and data reporting will enable development partners, such as WaterAid, to intervene in Jakarta. They might improve access to clean water to facilitate hygiene and proper sanitation.
Part B
1. Covid-19 has adversely impacted children and slum dwellers in Jakarta, Indonesia. Firs...
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