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Health, Medicine, Nursing
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Coursework
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English (U.S.)
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Topic:

Healthcare System of US, UK, the Netherlands, Canada, and France

Coursework Instructions:

Assignment 1: Exploring the relationship between health system financing, provider supply and health outcomes across health systems
What is the relationship between health care financing and health outcomes? For this assignment, you will use public use data for several industrialized countries to explore the relationship between spending and health outcomes, and between physician supply and these outcomes.
You’ll look at data over time and across the United States, the UK, France, the Netherlands and Canada.
Below you’ll find instructions for creating 5 graphs.
For your assignment, you will need a screenshot of each graph with the most recent year of data.
Label each graph “Figure [#]” and title it appropriately. Then, for each graph, write a short paragraph describing the relationship you have plotted.
Last, write a final paragraph summarizing your findings, and making reference to the readings for Class 1 and 2. Assignments should be single-spaced, with endnotes (use any format, just be consistent).
*References: Class.1
 Bodenheimer (textbook) Ch 1, 11- "Thomas Bodenheimer and Kevin Grumbach’s “Understanding Health Policy: A Clinical Approach”, 8ed."
 Fuchs, VR. “Health Care is different-that’s why expenditures matter.” JAMA 202 (18): 1859-1860.
 Papanicolas I, Woskie LR, Jha AK. “Health care spending in the United States and other high-income countries.” JAMA 319(10): 1024-1039.
 Bradley, EH, Elkins BR, Herrin J et al. (2011) “Health and social services expenditures:associations with health outcomes”. BMJ Quality and Safety. 20 (10): 826-831.
 Jamison, D. T., Summers, L. H., Alleyne, G., Arrow, K. J., Berkley, S., et al. (2013) Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation. The Lancet, 382(9908), 1898-1955. (Executive summary only)
References:Class.2
Readings:
Required reading:
 Bodenheimer and Thomas (textbook) Chapters 2-7, 14
 Reinhardt UE (2011). “Is it time for a more rational all-payer system?” Health Affairs 2125- 2133.
 Bhatti Y et al. (2017). “Global Lessons in Frugal Innovation to Improve Health Care Delivery in the United States.” Health Affairs. 36(11):1912-1919.
*Website: Gapminder.org
Steps
1. Log onto Gapminder.org
2. Select the Gapminder resources (top right), then tools, then the bubble charts tab
3. To change indicators, click on the indicator and navigate through the menu or use the search bar
4. Plot Life Expectancy, years as the indicator on the Y-axis (top indicator).
5. Create four graphs by plotting each of the following indicators on the X-axis (bottom indicator).
a. Total health spending in international dollars per person
i. Ex. Health  Health Economics  Total Health Spending in International Dollars per Person
b. Government share of health spending
c. Private share of health spending
d. Out of pocket health spending share
6. To select the countries for your first graph, click on the magnifying glass on the right-hand side labeled Find noion. All members of the group reviewed the final document.”
In your group, you can decide how to divide the work, according to your preferences and schedules.
The paragraph should be written at the end of the process and reflect the roles each of you played.(I will provide them by 02/04)
12-point font, single-spaced with spaces between paragraphs, please.
Graphs should be included in the body of the assignment or attached.
Be sure the graph shows the relationship over time.
****************************************** Some important Notes
Paragraphs summarizing the findings in each figure should confine themselves to describing the relationship observed. Any speculation about why or what your finding means should be strictly limited to your final paragraph.
Description of each figure should be short and concise.
However, you should give concrete description, including all three of the following:
Relationship between the two variables (i.e. X axis and Y axis) for the five countries: is it (generally) direct, indirect or is there no relationship (meaning it is so different for each of the countries plotted that you can’t make a statement. Does it increase or decline?
Be careful using the terms like "correlation" "causation" "significant" etc. They have specific meanings in data analysis.
Think HARD what X axis and Y axis mean in each figure.
Does that relationship change over time and how? You should note whether the relationship persists over the period or changes, and in what ways.
Then summarize the relative position of each of the countries for this relationship, and how that position changes or remains the same. [You don’t need a sentence for each country: be succinct!] Include specific data values (e.g. the life expectancy for a country at specific point in time, the total dollars spent, etc) for key comparisons (e.g. the countries with maximum value vs. minimum value) or trend over time (went from __ value to __ value).

Coursework Sample Content Preview:

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Introduction
The relationship between health system financing, provider supply, and health outcomes remains complex. Healthcare financing implies how a country’s healthcare is funded. For instance, the government could subsidize the cost of care. Private funding through private insurance is also common. At the same time, individuals can finance healthcare through out-of-pocket financing. Provider supplies consider the number and type of healthcare providers available to offer healthcare services. For instance, healthcare professionals like doctors, nurses, and other providers constitute the provider suppliers. Health outcome implies the result of the healthcare system. It endeavors to demonstrate the health status of the population as well as the quality of life. For instance, a higher life expectancy demonstrates a better health outcome for a population. Since the relationship between these factors affects different people's health outcomes, it is important to consider how they relate. This paper examines the healthcare system of five countries; the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Canada, and France.
Summary description
Four major comparisons are examined against life expectancy. These are total health spending in international dollars per person, the government's share of health spending, the private share, and the out-of-pocket health spending share. In 1995, France had the highest life expectancy of 78.2 years. It was followed by Canada with 78.1 years. The Netherlands came third with 77.7 years. The United Kingdom had a life expectancy of 76.8 years, while the United States came last with 76.1 years.
In 2009, the US has the lowest life expectancy of 79.8 years among the five countries. The United Kingdom is the second lowest life expectancy, with 80.6 years. The country with the third lowest life expectancy is the Netherlands, with 81 years. Lastly, Canada and France have the highest life expectancy of 81.6 years.
Figure 1: Figure 1: Life Expectancy vs. Total Health Spending per Person in 2009
In 1995, the United States had the highest total health spending per person of $3750. France came second with $2740. The Netherlands came third with $2260. Canada was fourth with $1820 and the United Kingdom came fifth with $1360. In 2009, the United States, the total health spending per person was $7960. This is the highest among all the countries. The Netherlands was the second country in terms of high total health spending per person, with $5750. The third country was Canada, with a rate of $4220. France and the United Kingdom had $4840 and $3440.
Figure 2: Life Expectancy vs. Government Share of Health Spending in 2009
In 1995, the United Kingdom had the highest government share of health spending of 83.9% followed by France with 79.7%. Canada came third with 71.3%. The Netherlands and the United States came fourth and fifth with 71% and 44.9% respectively. In 2009, the United Kingdom had the highest percentage of the government share of health spending at 84.2%. The Netherlands was the second largest with 79.0%. France come third with 77.9%. Canada and the United States come fourth and fifth with 70.6% and 47.7%.
Figure 3: Life Expec...
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