Answer Learning Outcome / Chapter 12 Cardiovascular System

Answer Learning Outcome -Chapter 12 Cardiovascular System
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12.1 Learning Outcome The Blood Vessels Upon completion of this section, you should be able to Chapter 12.1
1. Identify the structural features and function of each of the three main types of blood vessels. Chapter 12.1 The three types of blood vessels in the cardiovascular system:
Arteries (and arterioles) - these that carry blood away from the heart and towards the tissues. The wall of an artery has three layers, with the outermost layer attaching to the vessel to the tissues and contains elastic and collagenous fibers.
Capillaries – are tiny vessels re the vessels, which allow exchange of substances with the tissues occurs. Capillaries are tiny and thin walled and they are the connections between the veins and arteries
Veins (and venules)- carry blood toward the heart.
2. Explain the process of capillary exchange. 
The osmotic pressure, created by salts and plasma proteins, which tends to cause water to move from the interstitial fluid to the blood and blood pressure, which cause water to move in the opposite direction are the two forces influencing movement of fluids. At the arterial end of a capillary, blood pressure is higher than the osmotic pressure of blood so water exits a capillary at this end. Midway along the capillary as blood pressure reduces there is no net movement of water. The solutes diffuse depending on their concentration gradient the nutrients (glucose and amino acids) and oxygen diffuse out of the capillary, and wastes (carbon dioxide) diffuse into the capillary. In the pulmonary circuit, where the oxygen concentration is higher in the lung tissues, the concentration of carbon dioxide is lower and the movement of these gases is reversed. Red blood cells and plasma proteins remain in the capillaries, but small substances leave, resulting in the formation of interstitial fluid, (the fluid between the body’s cells) with the different components of plasma but less protein,. At the Venous End the Osmotic pressure is higher than blood pressure whereby water moves into the capillary. Almost the same amount of fluid that left the capillary returns but excess interstitial fluid is collected by the capillaries of the lymphatic system
12.2 Learning Outcomes Blood 
Upon completion of this section, you should be able to 1. List the major types of blood cells and summarize their functions. Red cells are erythrocytes that contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen
White blood cells- these are the leukocytes that help defend against infections.
2. Identify the major molecular and cellular events that result in a blood clot. A blood clot is a mass that occurs when the blood hardens from liquid to solid. The body needs to be able to coagulate the blood, to stop the bleeding and start healing after an injury. When a blood vessel is punctured, the platelets congregate and form a plug. The platelets and damaged tissue cells release prothrombin activator, which initiates enzymatic reactions where the activator acts on prothrombin in the presence of calcium ions to produce thrombin /Fibrin threads form and trap red blood cells when fiibrinogen occurs in the prese...